中考英语易错易丢分专题14宾语从句和定语从句.docx

1、中考英语易错易丢分专题14宾语从句和定语从句宾语从句和定语从句丢分题详解【2019 四川省凉山州】Simon, you look smart in the T-shirt. Could you tell me _ it? OK. I bought it in a store online. A. where you bought B. where do you buy C. when you buy D. when did you buy【参考答案】【试题解析】句意：西蒙，你穿这件T恤看起来很帅。你能告诉我你在哪里买的吗？好的。我是在网上的一家商店买的。宾语从句中，从句通常用陈述语序，排除B、

2、D。从I bought it in a store online. 判断句子询问在哪里买的，用where 引导。故选A。丢分探因此题考查宾语从句，学生想做对宾语从句的题，必须掌握住三个原则：一、宾语从句应用陈述语序；二、宾语从句的时态应和主句保持一致；三、选择正确的宾语从句引导词。此题中A项和C项都是陈述语序，根据句意可知此处问的是他在哪里买的衣服，故选where作引导词。查漏补缺宾语从句的种类宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。1. 由that引导的宾语从句。that只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口

3、语和非正式文体中可以省略。He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.She doesnt know (that) she is seriously ill.I am sure (that) he will succeed.2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe?He asked whose handwriting was

4、 the best.Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?I dont know why the train is late.3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。if和whether在句中的意思是是否。I want to know if (whether) he lives there.He asked me whether (if) I could help him.【辨析】宾语从句的引导词引导词引导词的作用例句that无意义，只起连接作用，常可省略He said （that） Kate was good at swimming.他说凯

5、特擅长游泳。what，which，who，whose，whom等连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等I dont know what they are going to do. 我不知道他们打算干什么。when，where，why，how等连接副词在从句中作状语Could you tell me where you are from?你能告诉我你来自哪吗？if，whether意为是否，不作句子成分，但不能省略He asked me if she was a teacher.他问我她是否是一位老师。【典例】We dont know _.It is said that he was born in

6、 Sweden.A. what he is B. if he lives hereC. where he comes from D. which country is he from【答案】C【解析】该题考查的是宾语从句的语序。按照他们谈论的话题可知：他们说的是某人是哪里人。A和B可以排除掉。D的语序不对，只有C正确。宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序，即按照主语、谓语的顺序。1. 陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。He is an honest boy. The teacher said. The teacher said(that) he was an honest

7、boy.I hear (that) physics isnt easy. I think (that) you will like this school soon.Please tell me when well have the meeting.2. 一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。Does he work hard? I wonder. I wonder if/whether he works hard.When did he leave? I dont know. I dont know when he left.Do you know what Kates e-

8、mail address is? Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?【典例】Miss Green didnt tell us _ in 2002.A. where does she live B. Where she livesC. where did she live D. where she lived【答案】D【解析】该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。宾语从句应用陈述句的语序和时态，故选D。宾语从句主句与从句时态一致的问题。1. 如果主句是现在的某种时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），那么宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。I remem

9、ber he gave me a book yesterday. He has told me that hell leave for New York tomorrrow. I dont think (that) you are right.Please tell us where he is.Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?【典例】1. Would you please tell me _? A. when did he come homeB. where he would play footballC. if he

10、 had seen the filmD. why he didnt watch the game【答案】D【解析】该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。主句用的实际上是现在时，宾语从句在这个句子里应用陈述句的语序和一般过去时。2. I dont know when _.A. will the train leave B. the train will leave C. would the train leave D. the train leave【答案】B【解析】该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。只有B项在语序和时态上符合要求。2. 如果主句是过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），那么宾

11、语从句一定要用过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。He told me that he would take part in the high jump. He asked what time it was.He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.He asked if you had written to Peter.He said that he would go back to the US soon.3. 如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。Our

12、 teacher said that January is the first month of the year.Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.He told me that the earth is round. 【特别提醒】否定转移 在主从复合句中，当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think，believe，suppose等词时，要将从句的否定转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I dont think he will come with you. 我认为他不会和你一起

13、来。方法技巧宾语从句须注意，几点事项应牢记。一是关键引导词，不同句子词相异。陈述句子用that；一般疑问是否(if，whether)替;特殊问句更好办，引导还用疑问词。二是时态常变化，主句不同从句异。主句若为现在时，从句时态应看意；主句若为过去时，从句时态向前移。三是语序要记清，从句永保陈述序。丢分题详解 【2019 吉林省中考】Mr. Brown is a teacher _ is strict with all is students.A. which B. who C. where【参考答案】B【试题解析】句意布朗是一个对所有的学生都严格的老师。本题考查定语从句。A.指物，在从句中作主语

14、或宾语；B.指人，在从句中作主语或宾语；C.表示地方，在从句中作地点状语。本句话中先行词为a teacher，指人，在从句中作主语，故选B。丢分探因做定语从句的题时，可先将先行词还原到句中。其次选择关系词，要先看先行词指人、指物还是既指人又指物。二要看从句中做何种成分，从而做出正确的判断。一、关系代词关系代词有六个，听我逐一来说破；which表物人用who，人物都有that顾；which用在逗号后，意表前句你要know；who作主语很称职，whom用到宾语里。 二、that用法that用法真有趣，两个地方它不去；逗号后边它不去，介词之后不考虑。that和which的区别that which代表

15、物，区别听我来叙述； 先行若是不定代，that就把which踹；先行词前有两数，就用that定无误；先行词前最高级，还用that必无疑；句中若有there be，that应把which替；先行主中作表语，避免重复从句里；just， the only，very，same，last其后也要用that。三、四、五、 as和which的区别as/which在句末，若有否定as错；句首只能用as，还有认知猜想词；固定结构用as, the same/such/so/as；so/such.that宾不离，so/such.as.宾要弃。六、 关系代词用法总结关系代词到这里，主宾表定作用起； 关系代词作宾语，省

16、与不省全靠你。七、特殊情况只记上边不可以，特殊情况告诉你；先行用way作状语，in which/ that /略可以；one of +复作先行，从中谓语复数明；one前若有only/very，从中谓语定用单；定从名从可转换，all that被what换。八、在复合句中修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose；关系副词有when，where，why等。【图示】定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和

17、关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。关系代词的基本用法作主语作宾语作定语指人who/thatwho/whom/that/省略whose指物which/thatwhich/tha

18、t/省略The man who/that spoke at the meeting is from Hong Kong. 会上发言的人来自香港。The building which/that is being built will be used as a hospital. 在建中的这幢建筑将用作医院。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the world. 我拜访了一位世界知名的科学家。【典例】I dont know the teacher _ is talking with Miss Wang. A. what B. wh

19、om C. which D. who【答案】D【解析】所填写词引导定语从句，修饰先行词teacher，并在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who。【注意】1. 当关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持主谓一致。He is one of the boys who like playing basketball. 他是喜欢打篮球的男孩子之一。He is the one of the boys who likes playing basketball. 他就是那个喜欢打篮球的男孩子。2. 通常在以下六种情况下只能用that而不能用which：（1）先行词为all，much，somethin

20、g，everything，nothing，little，none，the one等代词时。That is all that I want to say. 那就是我想要说的。【典例】Is that all? Yes. Thats all _ I want to take. A. which B. that C. who D. whose【答案】B【解析】句意：就这些？是的，这就是我要买的所有东西。which，that的先行词都是物，但当先行词是all等不定代词时，关系代词一般只用that；who的先行词只能是人；whose一般在从句中作定语。故选B。（2）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本

21、身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which。He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。This is the most wonderful film that I have seen. 这是我看过的最精彩的电影。Look at the apples. You can see the two that you gave me. 看这些苹果。你能看到你给我的那两个。（3）以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that。Who is the girl that is crying?

22、正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？（4）先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which。This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他唯一认识的外国人。（5）先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.。We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we ha

23、d visited. 我们访问过的老师和学校给我们留下了深刻的印象。I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。（6）先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。Its a book that will help you a lot. 这是一本对你很有帮助的书。（7）主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which。There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌

24、子上那本书是汤姆的。3. 关系词只能用which，而不用that的情况：（1）先行词为that，those时，用which，而不用that。Whats that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？（2）关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that。This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。（3）引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that。Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。关系副词的基本用法1. when在句中作状语，表示时

25、间。He remembers the day when he joined the League. 他记得他入团那天。This was the time when he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。2. where在句中作状语，表示地点。This is the place where Lu Xun was born. 这就是鲁迅出生的地方。This is the place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。3. why在句中作状语，表示原因。This is the reason why he is late today. 这就是他今天迟到的原因。Nobody know

26、s the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。【典例】I love places _ the people are really friendly. A. that B. which C. in where D. where【答案】D【解析】句意：我喜欢民风淳朴的地方。根据先行词是places，从句中缺少地点状语，可知引导词是in which或者是where，故选D。中考题演练1. 【2019 广西北部湾经济区】Do you know_?Yes, well take a bus there.A. when we will

27、 go the museum tomorrowB. when will we go to the museum tomorrowC. how we will go the museum tomorrowD. how will we go to the museum tomorrow【答案】C【解析】句意：你知道明天我们怎样去博物馆吗？是的，我们将乘公共汽车去那儿。考查宾语从句。根据Do you know_?可知，本题考查宾语从句，宾语从句三要素是：连接词、宾语从句语序、时态。根据宾语从句用陈述语序，可知B、D选项均是疑问语序，所以排除。When什么时候，是对时间的提问；how如何、怎样，是对方

28、式、方法的提问；再根据答语Yes, well take a bus there.可知此处应是对方式的提问，排除A选项；故答案选C。2. 【2019 黑龙省大庆市】Excuse me, could you tell me _?A. where is the railway stationB. how can I get to the railway stationC. where the railway station isD. how do I get to the railway station【答案】C【解析】句意：打扰了，请你告诉我火车站在哪里好吗？本题考查宾语从句的语序，宾语从句必须要

29、用陈述句的语序，A、B、D都是一般疑问句的语序，只有C选项是陈述句的语序，故答案选C。3. 【2019 四川省广元市】Jerry asked Mike _.A. where did he come fromB. where does he come fromC. where he came from【答案】C【解析】考查宾语从句用法。句意：杰瑞问麦克_。根据主句的动词asked是过去式可知，宾语从句用过去的时态，排除B；宾语从句中用陈述语序，排除疑问语序的A，故选C。4. 【2019 湖北省黄石市】I wonder _ in Guangzhou in two hours.Of course.

30、The high speed train is very fast.A. When I can arrive B. When can I arriveC. whether I can arrive D. whether can I arrive【答案】C【解析】句意：我想知道我是否能在两个小时内到达广州。当然，高铁非常快。本题考查宾语从句，宾语从句用陈述句语序，排除B和D；When I can arrive我什么时候能到达；whether I can arrive我是否能到达。根据Of course可知，问的是我是否能两个小时内到广州，故选C。5. 【2019 黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市】Which of the following sentences is correct?A. I wonder whats the matter with her.B. My mother asked me what