届高考英语阅读理解命题点2主旨大意解析01.docx

1、届高考英语阅读理解命题点2主旨大意解析012013届高考英语：:阅读理解命题点2 -主旨大意（解析01） 本类考题解答锦囊 一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题，特别是新闻报道，第一小段通常是故事的梗概，这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想；在文章的段落中，则通常由开头的一句作为主题句(topic sentence)来概括该段的中心思想。主题句一般具有三个特点： 1表述的意思比较概括，相对主题句来看，这种概括性更为明显。 2句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。 3段落中其他的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想。 理解一篇文章的主旨大意首先要

2、学会寻找主题句。一般来说，在一个段落中，主题句的位置有五种情况： 1主题句在段首：在有主题句的段落中，主题句位于段首的可能性最大。通常用演绎法撰写的段落，往往遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即以概述开始，随之详细解说。 2主题句在段尾：与主题句位于段首的情况相反，主题句位于段尾时，通常用归纳法撰写。表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此而结尾。位于段尾的主题句往往陈述依据上文的细节的结论或建议，归纳的要点或共性以及得出的观察印象或结果。 3主题句在段中：当主题句位于段中，开段的句子往往表述段落要论述的主题，而主题则由随之引出的句子来表达。此外，为阐明主题思想，在主题句之后，仍有一些句子陈述细

3、节，或作合乎逻辑的引申。这一类的段落包括三个层次：引题主题解释，或提问回答解释。 屯主题句在段首和段尾：在一些文段中，作者为了突出主题思想，并暗示读者，这段文章中的意思比其他的段更重要。采用了前后呼应、两次点题的写作乎法。值得注意的是，表述同一主题思想的两个主题句，在句型结构和用词方面往往不尽致，而且在内容上后者也不是前者的简单重复，多半有所引申或顺应其向细节的铺叙而有所侧重。 5主题句暗含在段中：不是所有的段落都有主题句。尤其是在多段文章中，主题句并没有明确表述。阅读这样的文段，主要通过对细节的陈述或概括各段的主题思想，含蓄地表达文段的主题思想。对于无主题句的文段，不可能采用辩论主题句的方法

4、来获取其主题思想。而应正确理解作者提供的所有细节，包括事实、观点和事件，在大脑中形成初步印象。然后发挥自己的逻辑概括能力，概括作者提供的事实、观点和事件，综合归纳成一般概念。这种概念不一定能达到主题句那样完整，但只要切合文段的主题即可。 这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析、归纳文章的段落大意、重要睛节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求学生把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心句；要求能较好地运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，难度较大，属于高层次题。在运用多项选择法考查学生这方面的阅读理解能力时，对大多数短文(段落)的主题(subject)，中心思想(

5、mabidea)，标题(titlle)或作者的写作目的(pUIX)se)加以拟题。拟题大致有以下固定的提问方式： 1Thesubiectoftheparagraph(passage)is_. 2The paragraph(passage)deals with_. 3What topic iS treated in this paragraph(passage)?4. The main idea of the paragraph(passage)is 5. From the paragraph(passage)we know that 6. The paragraph (passage)coul

6、d be entitled 7. Which of the following is the best title for the paragraph(passage)? 8. What is the authors main pupose?凡遇到这样的一些问题,我们都应从理解主题思想去考虑答案是哪一个。*Passage *(典型例题) Sometimes, something that is considered to be negative tums out to be an advantage on the job. Though he is only 18 years old and

7、blind, Suleyman Gokyigk is among the top computer technicians and programmers at Intelidata Technologies Corp. , a large software company with several offices across the United States. After our company united with another one last October, two different computer networks were driving us crazy, reca

8、lls Douglas Braun, the InteliData president. We couldnt even send E-mail to each other. In three weeks Mr. Gokyigit created the software needed to connect the two networks. None of the companys 350 other employees could have done the job in three months , says Mr. Braun. Suleyman cansee into the hea

9、rt of the computer. Mr. Gokyigits gift, as Mr. Braun calls it, is an unusual ability to form an idea of the inside of a machine. The computer permits me to reach out into the world and do almost anything I want to do, says Mr. Gokyigit.The young programmer is at home with hardware as well, thanks pa

10、rtly to a highly developed sense of touch. Mitzi Nowakows-ki, an office manager at InteliData, remembers how he easily disconnected and reconnected their computer systems during a move last year. Through feel, Suleyman can find the position of connectors, pins and wires much faster than most other p

11、eople with sight, he says. Much of the student programmers speed comes from his ability not to be interrupted while at the computer. When typing, he listens carefully to the synthesizer(合成器). His long, thin fingers fly over keyboard. Nothing seems to shake his attention, says Mrs. Nowa-kowski, his b

12、oss.Mr. Gokyigit is the only company employee who is available (可找到的) 24 hours a day. We consider him our top problem solver, says Mr. Braun. 1. According to Mr. Braun, Suleyman A. can work wonders on computer B. is the best technician in the world C. has done a hard job in three months D. has unite

13、d InteliData Technologies Corp. with another computer company. 答案: A 指导：据全文可知，Suleyman在电脑方面有非凡的才能，故选A：其他各项均与原文有出人。2. The underlined part is at home with hardware (Paragraph4) means_. A. is good at dealing with computer hardware B. is fond of computer hardware C. works with computer hardware at home

14、D. feels comfortable when working with computer hardware 答案: A 指导：此处的be at home with sth”的意思根据上下文篇应是“擅长解决的问题”。3. Suleyman was quick while at the computer mostly because of A. his blindness B. his attention on the synthesizer C. his long, thin fingers D. his ability not to be interrupted 答案: D 指导：文中有

15、“speed comes from his ability not to be interrupted while at the computer，这才是他速度快的原因。4. What does the text mainly tell us? A. Computer technicians are more likely to be gifted. B. Ones disadvantages may prove to be advantages. C. The disabled can also play an important role in society. D. Top comput

16、er scientists have unusual abilities to form ideas of computers. 答案: B 指导：通常文章的首段首句为主题句。*结束( 典型例题卷) Mountain lions live in mountainous areas of the western United States. Lately, however, people have reported seeing them in quiet neighborhoods all across the country! Usually considered shy and seldo

17、m seen, these lions are becoming more noticeable. In addition, the lions appear to be moving east. They were even reported in the suburbs(郊区)of Boston, Philadelphis, and Chicago. It seems certain that these kings of the mountainsare moving. Why? Scientists are not sure. Some think that as the mounta

18、in lion population increases the west, younger wild cats are leaving the area. These cats are searching for new homes and new places for food. The young males are looking for new homes, says Lynn Sadler, who is the director of the Mountain Lion Foundation in Sacramento,Calif. People tend to create t

19、o many barriers(障碍), such as buidings, fences, roads, and noise. As the mountain lions seek new places and food and water sources(水源), these barriers get in their way. The sightings have made people increasingly watchful. Sometimes themountain lionsthat people report seeing turn out to be large dogs

20、 or even house cats. But at least a few of the meetings have been real. The building of new roads, the growing of suburbs and the growing popularity of outdoor activities are all increasing the chances that people in various parts of the country may meet up with a mountain lion. Because many people

21、are concerned, about the reappearance of the American lion, an expert outlined some ways they can a- void attracting the wild cats: Never leave pets or pet food outsider properly cvare for farm animals; and plan public land use to enable the lions to move safely from one place to another.To be fair,

22、 says the expert. mountain lions are trying to regain their homes. They were here first. Now we need to find ways we can live together. 1. Mountain lions are moving probably because_. A. the suburbs o big cities are peaceful and quiet B. more roads are being built into the mountains C. the number of

23、 the lions increases in the west D. young lions are seeking new partners 2. According to the passage,it is clear that_. A. the reported sightings of mountain lions have not been proved B. people walking in the country may come across a lion C. fences have been built to protect the ions D. mountain l

24、ions prefer populated areas 3. To avoid attracting rnotuntain lions, People are advised_. A. to build more roads for the lions to move safely B. to keep a close watch on their arm animals C. not to stay outdoors D. not to raise pets 4. Which is the best title for the passage? A. Mountain Lions in Un

25、likely Passage? B. Measures Taken to Avoid Lions C. Number of Sightings Going Up D. Mountain Lions Moving West命题目的与解题技巧；本文的命题目的是考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，而本井无明显主题句。做这类题的技巧是：正确理解作者所提供的细节，运用自己的逻辑概括能力。综合归纳主题。解析： 本文主要讲美国西部的狮子被人们在全国各地发现。据科学家估计是因为狮子数量不断增加，新的雄狮欲寻新的安身之所。答案： 1C 细节题。从第二段的第三句话“Some think that as th

26、e mountain lion populat ionicreases in the west，younger wild cats are leaving the areasearching for new homes and new places for food”可直接选出答案。 2B 细节题。由第一段第二句“一people have reported seeing them in quiet neighbrhoods all across the country”和第四段第四句“The buiding of new roads，themay meet up with a mountin

27、lion可知目前狮子在美国到外可见 3B 细节判断题。第五段专家建议中的第二点properly care for farm animals与B项同义，而A项中的建更多的roads文中未提及，文中只提到了public land；C、D两项文中提及。4A 主旨大意题。本文主要讲山狮从山里游移到全国各地，有时来到它们不该来的农户、新建公路等，一切都表明它们来到原来不可能的地方。 *结束Passage *(典型例题海卷) Transportation and communication networks bring people together. Yet sometimes people thems

28、elves create barriers (障碍) to transportation and communication. In some countries, laws stop people from moving freely from place to place. Over the centuries, many groups of people have been denied the freedom to travel because of their race, religion, or nationality. In the Middle Ages, for exampl

29、e, Jews were often forbidden to move about freely within certain cities. South Africas government used to require black Africans to carry passes when they travel within the country. Some governments require all citizens to carry identification papers and to report to government officials whenever th

30、ey move. Countries set up customs posts at their borders. Foreign travellers must go through a customs inspection before they are allowed to travel in the country. Usually travellers have to carry special papers such as passports and visas (签证). Some countries even limit the number of visitors to th

31、eir country each year. Others allow tourists to visit only certain areas of the country, or they may require that travellers be with an official guide at all times during their stay. Many of those harriers to travel also act as barriers to communication. When two governments disagree with each other on important matters, they usually do not want their citizens to exchange news or ideas freely. Countries often try to keep military or industrial information secret.Today, people have the a