第八章连词.docx

1、第八章 连词第八章 连词一、并列连词的用法并列连词用来连接属于同一层次并具有同等句法功能的词、短语或分句。根据词汇意义，并列连词又可分为4类。（一）and型表示添加意义的连词高考试题传真1.She set out soon after dark_home an hour later.(1994) A.arriving B.to arrive C.having arrived D.and arrived2.One more week_well accomplish the task.(1999,上海) A.so B.so that C.and D.if这类连词连接两个并列或对称关系的词、短语或分

2、句。常见的还有bothand(既又),not onlybut also(不仅而且),as well as(也，和)等。如：He can both sing and dance.他能唱会跳。I like English and history very much.我十分喜欢英语和历史。He not only had seen the film but also remembered what he had seen.他不仅看过那部影片，而且记得影片的内容。I have read his novels as well as his plays.我读过他的小说和剧本。He went upstairs

3、 and knocked at the door. 他上楼敲门。and有时还可以表示结果，意为“那么；则”，如例2。再如：Come early and you will see him. 早些来，那么你就会见到他。教你巧学巧记:从(N)MET谈and对选项的暗示作用大家知道，and作为并列连词，用来连接两个或两个以上的词、短语或句子，表示并列或对称关系。有些同学很容易忽略它在句中的作用，因而答错题。现结合高考题简单介绍and对选项暗示作用的几种情况。 1、对谓语动词和非谓语动词选择项的暗示作用。 On Saturday afternoon，Mr Green went to the market

4、s，_ some bananas and visited his cousin Abought Bbuying Cto buy Dbuy She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later Aarriving Bto arrive Chaving arrived Dand arrived The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，_that he had enjoyed his stay here Ahaving added Bto add Cadding Dad

5、ded 【简析】第题选A是因为and在题干中连接三个并列谓语。第题选D。有的同学选A是因为不明白分词的一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生或紧接着发生这一概念。根据题干语境，“出发”与“回家”不是同时或紧接着发生的两个动作，而是一先一后的两个动作，故只有用and连接的并列谓语才能表达先后发生的两个或两个以上的一连串动作。第题应选C，在句中作状语。如选D则要将题干中的逗号改为and。 2、在定语从句中对关联词选择的暗示作用。 He paid the boy ten dollars for washing ten windows，most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at le

6、ast a year Ait Bthem Cthat Dwhich The lady has three daughters and _ are at school Atwo of them Btwo of whom Cthe two of them Dthe two of whom 【简析】根据语义和句子结构，第题应选D，构成非限制性定语从句。如选B，则要将题干中的逗号改成and，连接两个并列句。第题应选A。因题干中有and的暗示。 3、在独立主格结构中的暗示作用。 There _ no rain now， lets start out Abeing Bis Cwill be Dwas Th

7、e man stood there，his sharp eyes _ on my face Afix Bfixed Cwere fixed Dfixing 【简析】独立主格结构与它所依赖的句子之间没有任何连接词and， so，though等，中间只有逗号。如果有连词，则独立主格结构就要变成一个完整的句子。很容易看出第题和第题分别选A、B，是独立主格结构。（二）or型表示选择意义的连词高考试题传真1.-I dont like chicken_fish. -I dont like chicken,_I like fish very much.(1993) A.and;and B.and;but C

8、.or;and D.or;but2.Would you like a cup of coffee_shall we get down to business right away?(1995) A.and B.then C.or D.otherwise这类连词表示两者选其一。常见的还有eitheror(或者或者),neithernor(既不也不),whetheror(是还是)。如：Do you go to school on foot or by bike?你是步行还是骑自行车上学？I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry.我真是哭笑不得。Many of

9、the country people could neither read nor write.农村有许多人不识字也不会写字。Men do not kiss each other either China or English-speaking countries.在中国或在讲英语的国家里，男人们见面时彼此不亲吻。I would like you to change this blouse, or else give me my money back.我想要你换掉这件衬衣，要不把钱退给我。教你巧学巧记:or和and与否定词连用之谜先做下面三道题:用or或and填空，要求构成完全否定。l.Tom

10、_Mary cannot speak Chinese.They did not speak Japanese clearly_correctly,either.汤姆和玛丽不会讲汉语，日语也讲得不清楚，不正确。2.The clock has no eyes_ears.And it has no mouth_ no legs,either. 时钟没有眼晴和耳朵，也没有嘴和腿。3.Man cant live without air_water.Thats to say,man will die without air_water. 没有空气和水，人就不生活，也就是说，没有空气和水，人就会死。说明:在

11、否定句中，并列成分的列举通常用or连接构成完全否定，用and连接构成部分否定。但在中学英语课本中，否定词与and连用，有以下几种情况，仍构成完全否定:1.列举成分是主语，又在否定词之前，用and连接，而在否定词之后的列举成分用or构成完全否定，所以句1的答案是and，or。2.列举成分之前都有否定词时，用and连接，否则用or连接，也都构成完全否定，所以句2的答案是or，and。3.在否定句中，without之后若有列举成分用and连接，构成完全否定；而在肯定句中，without之后的列举成分要用or连接才能构成完全否定，故句3的答案应是and，or。再做如下练习，你心中之谜就可以迎刃而解了。

12、（三）or型表示转折意义的连词高考试题传真1.-Would you like to come to dinner tonight? -Id like to, _I am too busy. (1994) A. and B. so C. as D. but2.She thought I was talking about her daughter, _ in fact I was talking about my daughter. (1995) A. when B. where C. which D. while3.The changes in the city will cost quite

13、 a lot, _ they will save us money in the long run. (2000,春季) A. or B. since C. for D. but4.They were surprised that a child should work out the problem,_they themselves couldnt. (1998,上海) A. once B. then C. while D. if5. The changes in the city will cost quite a lot，_ they will save us money in the

14、long run（NMET 2000春） Aor Bsince Cfor Dbut6.Excuse me for breaking in,_I have some news for you. (2002) A.so B.and C.but D.yet这类连词连接两个含义不同的甚至是反义的词、短语或分句。常见的还有yet(然而)，while(而)，however(可是)等。其中while与but的区别在于:while表示对比，而but表示意义正好相反。如: She has sold her house, yet she cant help regretting.她把房子卖了，然而她却禁不住后悔不

15、已。I see your point of view, still, I dont agree with you.我明白你的观点，然而对此不敢苟同。I like light green, but Lily prefers dark blue.我喜欢淡绿色，而莉莉却更爱深蓝色。He went out, while I stayed at home. 他出去了，而我留在家中。教你巧学巧记:从(N)MET谈but在解题时的暗示作用英语往往能通过语句衔接对语义做出正确理解。英语中有许多这样的语句衔接词，它们提示我们在做题和阅读时注意上下文的语义关系，来龙去脉。but就属于这类衔接词。请看下面的例子：T

16、oms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _didnt help.(MET1993)A.he B.which C.she D.itI asked him for some oil, but he hadnt_.(MET1986)A.any B.some C.oil D.oneThey were all very tired, but_of them would stop to take a rest.(NMET1995)but在以上三句中表示前后后相反的语义关系，表示否定的概念，因此很容易找出各个题的答案（D;A;C

17、）。-If you dont like the red coat, take the blue one.OK, but do you have_size in blue? This ones a bit tight for me.(NMET1995)A.a big B.a bigger C.the big D.the bigger (答案：B)Excuse me,is this Mr Browns office?Im sorry, but Mr Brown_works here.(MET1990)A.not now B.no more C.not still D.no longer (答案：D

18、)从以上两题中可以看出，除了提醒我们逆向思维外，but还在有语义的基础上进行递进或对原有前提做补充。在虚拟语气中，but的暗示作用更明显，but之后是一种客观实际的描述，动词需用相应的时态。如：Would you have told him the answer had it been possible?I would, but I_so busy then.A.had been B.were C.was D.would be (答案：C)He would gain weight but he _much. A.wouldnt eat B.doesnt eat C.didnt eat D.ha

19、dnt eaten (答案：B)but的这种暗示作用不仅有助于做语法题，在做完形填空及阅读理解时，也有极大的帮助。通过but产生的逆向思维和特殊的语言逻辑，能够正确地捕捉信息，把握文章主旨。(四)so型表示原因和结果的连词高考试题传真Good technique in medicine means less pain and fewer deaths,_ it is our duty to master it. (1992,上海) A. although B. therefore C. otherwise D. however这类连词常见的有so(因此)，for(因为)，therefore(因

20、此)等。并列连词for表示原因，用以附加说明。这个词引导的分句必须放在第一个分句之后。如: These buildings were over 50 years old, so they were not strong enough. 这些建筑物已有50多年的寿命，因此不够坚固。The shop was quite new, for it had opened only the week before.商店相当新，因为它一星期前才开业。二、从属连词的用法用来连接主句和从句的连词叫从属连词。从属连词分为两大类:1.引导名词性从句的从属连词;2.引导状语从句的从属连词。(一)引导名词性从句的从属连

21、词名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。它们由下列连词引导。1)由从属连词that，whether，if引导高考试题传真1._the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. (1992) A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That2._you dont like him is none of my business. (1992, 上海) A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether这类连词引导名词性从句时只起连接作用，在从句中不担任任何成分。(详见第十

22、九章名词性从句)这里仅举数例 。Its true fAaf he may fall behind the other students.他真的可能会落在其他同学的后面。I hope ffeaf you have a good holiday.我希望你们假期愉快。I dont know whether/if he will come.我不知道他是否会来。2)由连接代词引导高考试题传真 1._ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (1993) A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter2.

23、Can you tell me_? (1985) A. Who is that gentleman B. that gentleman is who C. who that gentleman is D. whom is that gentleman3.They want to know _ do to help us. (1988) A. what can they B. what they can C. how they can D. how can they连接代词除了可以起连接作用外，还可以在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。连接代词主要有who，whom，whose，which，what等

24、。如:Do what he or she tells you to do.按照他/她所告诉你的去做。What is needed is a change in land ownership.需要做的事就是改变土地的所有制。3)由连接副词引导高考试题传真1.I remember _this used to be a quiet village. (1993) A. when B. how C. where D. what2.Would you please tell me_the airport? (1988) A. how I can get to B. how can I get to C.

25、 where I can get to D. where can I get to连接副词除了起连接作用外，还在从句中作状语。连接副词主要有when，where，how，why等。如:I dont know where we are going to have this meeting.我不知道我们到什么地方去开这次会议。Please tell me when we shall discuss our work plan.请告诉我我们何时讨论我们的工作计划。(二)引导状语从句的从属连词按其作用，引导状语从句的从属连词可以分为以下几种。(详见第二十一章 状语从句 部分)1)表示时间的从属连词高考

26、试题传真1.Why do you want a new job _ youve got such a good one already? (1988) A. that B. where C. which D. when2.-Im going to the post office. -_ youre there, can you get me some stamps?(1999) A. As B. While C. Because D. If3._ the day went on, the weather got worse. (1990) A. With B. Since C. While D

27、. As4. Someone called me up in the middle of the night，buy they hung up _ I could answer the phone（NMET 2000） Aas Bsince Cuntil Dbefore表示时间的从属连词主要有after，before，as，when，while，since, until等。如：He didnt see the bag until it was too late. 等他看见袋子时已经太晚了。He may fall behind the other students when he comes b

28、ack.待他回来时，他可能会落在其他同学后面。2)表示原因的从属连词高考试题传真1.The Italian boy was regarded as a hero _ he gave his life for the country. (1985) A. according to B. because of C. on account of D. because2._ youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. (1999) A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As soon as引导原

29、因状语从句的从属连词主要有because，since，as，now that等。如:Im not doing anything because I fell and hurt my neck last week.我什么也没干，因为我上星期跌倒了，伤了脖子。Why do people come to his lectures since he is difficult to understand? 既然他说的内容很难懂，为什么人们还要来听他作报告呢?3)表示地点的从属连词高考试题传真 1.You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can fi

30、nd them again. (1999) A. when B. where C. then D. there2.After the war, a new school building was put up _there once had been a theatre. (1997) A. that B. where G. which D. when表示地点的从属连词主要有where，wherever等。如:Leave her where she is. 把她留在原地。You can take it with you wherever you go.你不论去哪里，都可随身携带它。4)表示条件的从属连词高考试题传真1.You will be late _ you leave immediately. (1992) A. unless B. until C. if D. or2._ he comes, we wont be ab