1、机械工艺规程及刀具夹具外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业论文外文资料翻译系 别: 工程技术系 专 业: 机械设计制造及自动化 姓 名: 邓一达 学 号: 05211630 2015年 4 月 23 日外文资料翻译译文加工基础作为产生形状的一种加工方法,机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。机械加工过程是一个产生形状的过程,在这过程中,驱动装置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。尽管在某些场合,工件无承受情况下,使用移动式装备来实现加工,但大多数的机械加工是通过既支承工件又支承刀具的装备来完成。机械加工在知道过程中具备两方面。小批生产费用低。对于铸造、
2、锻造和压力加工,每一个要生产的具体工件形状,即使是一个零件,几乎都要花费高额的加工费用。靠焊接来产生的结构形状,在很大程度上取决于有效的原材料的形式。一般来说,通过利用贵重设备而又无需特种加工条件下,几乎可以以任何种类原材料开始,借助机械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的结构形状,只要外部尺寸足够大,那都是可能的。因此对于生产一个零件,甚至当零件结构及要生产的批量大小上按原来都适于用铸造、锻造或者压力加工来生产的,但通常宁可选择机械加工。严密的精度和良好的表面光洁度,机械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光洁度基础上。许多零件,如果用别的其他方法来生产属于大批量生产的话,那么在机械加工中
3、则是属于低公差且又能满足要求的小批量生产了。另方面,许多零件靠较粗的生产加工工艺提高其一般表面形状,而仅仅是在需要高精度的且选择过的表面才进行机械加工。例如内螺纹,除了机械加工之外,几乎没有别的加工方法能进行加工。又如已锻工件上的小孔加工,也是被锻后紧接着进行机械加工才完成的。基本的机械加工参数切削中工件与刀具的基本关系是以以下四个要素来充分描述的:刀具的几何形状,切削速度,进给速度,和吃刀深度。切削刀具必须用一种合适的材料来制造,它必须是强固、韧性好、坚硬而且耐磨的。刀具的几何形状以刀尖平面和刀具角为特征对于每一种切削工艺都必须是正确的。切削速度是切削刃通过工件表面的速率,它是以每分钟英寸来
4、表示。为了有效地加工,切削速度高低必须适应特定的工件刀具配合。一般来说,工件材料越硬,速度越低。进给速度是刀具切进工件的速度。若工件或刀具作旋转运动,进给量是以每转转过的英寸数目来度量的。当刀具或工件作往复运动时,进给量是以每一行程走过的英寸数度量的。一般来说,在其他条件相同时,进给量与切削速度成反比。吃刀深度以英寸计是刀具进入工件的距离。它等于旋削中的切屑宽度或者等于线性切削中的切屑的厚度。粗加工比起精加工来,吃刀深度较深。切削参数的改变对切削温度的影响金属切削操作中,热是在主变形区和副变形区发生的。这结果导致复杂的温度分布遍及刀具、工件和切屑。图中显示了一组典型等温曲线,从中可以看出:像所
5、能预料的那样,当工件材料在主变形区被切削时,沿着整个切屑的宽度上有着很大的温度梯度,而当在副变形区,切屑被切落时,切屑附近的前刀面上就有更高的温度。这导致了前刀面和切屑离切削刃很近的地方切削温度较高。实质上由于在金属切削中所做的全部功能都被转化为热,那就可以预料:被切离金属的单位体积功率消耗增加的这些因素就将使切削温度升高。这样刀具前角的增加而所有其他参数不变时,将使切离金属的单位体积所耗功率减小,因而切削温度也将降低。当考虑到未变形切屑厚度增加和切削速度,这情形就更是复杂。未变形切屑厚度的增加趋势必导致通过工件的热的总数上产生比例效应,刀具和切屑仍保持着固定的比例,而切削温度变化倾向于降低。
6、然而切削速度的增加,传导到工件上的热的数量减少而这又增加主变形区中的切屑温升。进而副变形区势必更小,这将在该区内产生升温效应。其他切削参数的变化,实质上对于被切离的单位体积消耗上并没有什么影响,因此实际上对切削温度没有什么作用。因为事实已经表明:切削温度即使有小小的变化对刀具磨损率都将有实质意义的影响作用。这表明如何人从切削参数来确定切削温度那是很合适的。为着测定高速钢刀具温度的最直接和最精确的方法是W&T法,这方法也就是可提供高速钢刀具温度分布的详细信息的方法。该项技术是建立在高速钢刀具截面金相显微测试基础上,目的是要建立显微结构变化与热变化规律图线关系式。当要加工广泛的工件材料时,Tren
7、t已经论述过测定高速钢刀具的切削温度及温度分布的方法。这项技术由于利用电子显微扫描技术已经进一步发展,目的是要研究将已回过火和各种马氏体结构的高速钢再回火引起的微观显微结构变化情况。这项技术亦用于研究高速钢单点车刀和麻花钻的温度分布。刀具磨损从已经被处理过的无数脆裂和刃口裂纹的刀具中可知,刀具磨损基本上有三种形式:后刀面磨损,前刀面磨损和V型凹口磨损。后刀面磨损既发生在主刀刃上也发生副刀刃上。关于主刀刃,因其担负切除大部金属切屑任务,这就导致增加切削力和提高切削温度,如果听任而不加以检查处理,那可能导致刀具和工件发生振动且使有效切削的条件可能不再存在。关于副刀刃,那是决定着工件的尺寸和表面光洁
8、度的,后刀面磨损可能造成尺寸不合格的产品而且表面光洁度也差。在大多数实际切削条件下,由于主前刀面先于副前刀面磨损,磨损到达足够大时,刀具将实效,结果是制成不合格零件。由于刀具表面上的应力分布不均匀,切屑和前刀面之间滑动接触区应力,在滑动接触区的起始处最大,而在接触区的尾部为零,这样磨蚀性磨损在这个区域发生了。这是因为在切削卡住区附近比刀刃附近发生更严重的磨损,而刀刃附近因切屑与前刀面失去接触而磨损较轻。这结果离切削刃一定距离处的前刀面上形成麻点凹坑,这些通常被认为是前刀面的磨损。通常情况下,这磨损横断面是圆弧形的。在许多情况中和对于实际的切削状况而言,前刀面磨损比起后刀面磨损要轻,因此后刀面磨
9、损更普遍地作为刀具失效的尺度标志。然而因许多作者已经表示过的那样在增加切削速度情况下,前刀面上的温度比后刀面上的温度升得更快,而且又因任何形式的磨损率实质上是受到温度变化的重大影响。因此前刀面的磨损通常在高速切削时发生的。刀具的主后刀面磨损带的尾部是跟未加工过的工件表面相接触,因此后刀面磨损比沿着磨损带末端处更为明显,那是最普通的。这是因为局部效应,这像未加工表面上的已硬化层,这效应是由前面的切削引起的工件硬化造成的。不只是切削,还有像氧化皮,刀刃产生的局部高温也都会引起这种效应。这种局部磨损通常称作为凹坑性磨损,而且偶尔是非常严重的。尽管凹坑的出现对刀具的切削性质无实质意义的影响,但凹坑常常
10、逐渐变深,如果切削在继续进行的话,那么刀具就存在断裂的危机。如果任何进行性形式 的磨损任由继续发展,最终磨损速率明显地增加而刀具将会有摧毁性失效破坏,即刀具将不能再用作切削,造成工件报废,那算是好的,严重的可造成机床破坏。对于各种硬质合金刀具和对于各种类型的磨损,在发生严重失效前,就认为已达到刀具的使用寿命周期的终点。然而对于各种高速钢刀具,其磨损是属于非均匀性磨损,已经发现:当其磨损允许连续甚至到严重失效开始,最有意义的是该刀具可以获得重磨使用,当然,在实际上,切削时间远比使用到失效的时间短。以下几种现象之一均是刀具严重失效开始的特征:最普遍的是切削力突然增加,在工件上出现烧损环纹和噪音严重
11、增加等。自动夹具设计用做装配设备的传统同步夹具把零件移动到夹具中心上,以确保零件从传送机上或从设备盘上取出后置于已定位置上。然而在某些应用场合、强制零件移动到中心线上时,可能引起零件或设备破坏。当零件易损而且小小振动可能导致报废时,或当其位置是由机床主轴或模具来具体时,再或者当公差要求很精密时,那宁可让夹具去适应零件位置,而不是相反。为着这些工作任务,美国俄亥俄州Elyria的Zaytran公司已经开发了一般性功能数据的非同步西类柔顺性夹具。因为夹具作用力和同步化装置是各自独立的,该同步装置可以用精密的滑移装置来替换而不影响夹具作用力。夹具规格范围是从0.2英寸行程,5英镑夹紧力到6英寸行程、
12、400英寸夹紧力。现代生产的特征是批量变得越来越小而产品的各种规格变化最大。因此,生产的最后阶段,装配因生产计划、批量和产品设计的变更而显得特别脆弱。这种情形正迫使许多公司更多地致力于广泛的合理化改革和前面提到过情况那样装配自动化。尽管柔性夹具的发展很快落后与柔性运输处理装置的发展,如落后于工业机器人的发展,但仍然试图指望增加夹具的柔顺性。事实上夹具的重要的装置生产装置的专向投资就加强了使夹具更加柔性化在经济上的支持。根据它们柔顺性,夹具可以分为:专用夹具、组合夹具、标准夹具、高柔性夹具。柔性夹具是以它们对不同工件的高适应性和以少更换低费用为特征的。结构形式可变换的柔性夹具装有可变更结构排列的
13、零件(例如针形颊板,多片式零件和片状颊板),标准工件的非专用夹持或夹紧元件(例如:启动标准夹持夹具和带有可移动元件的夹具配套件),或者装有陶瓷或硬化了的中介物质(如:流动粒子床夹具和热夹具紧夹具)。为了生产,零件要在夹具中被紧固,需要产生夹紧作用,其有几个与夹具柔顺性无关的步骤:根据被加工的即基础的部分和工作特点,确定工件在夹具中的所需的位置,接着必须选择若干稳定平面的组合,这些稳定平面就构成工件被固定在夹具中确定位置上的夹持状轮廓结构,均衡所有各力和力矩,而且保证接近工件工作特点。最后,必须计算、调整、组装可拆装的或标准夹具元件的所需位置,以便使工件牢牢地被夹紧在夹具中。依据这样的程序,夹具
14、的轮廓结构和装合的规划和记录过程可以进行自动化控制。结构造型任务就是要产生若干稳定平面的组合,这样在这些平面上的各夹紧力将使工件和夹具稳定。按惯例,这个任务可用人机对话即几乎完全自动化的方式来完成。一人机对话即以自动化方式确定夹具结构造型的优点是可以有组织有规划进行夹具设计,减少所需的设计人员,缩短研究周期和能更好地配置工作条件。简言之,可成功地达到显著提高夹具生产效率和效益。在充分准备了构造方案和一批材料情况下,在完成首次组装可以成功实现节约时间达60%。因此夹具机构造型过程的目的是产生合适的编程文件。外文原文Introduciton of MachiningHave a shape as
15、a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece un
16、der no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and ma
17、chining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive
18、equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare part
19、s, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surf
20、ace finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its
21、general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be con
22、ducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.
23、Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry - to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics - for each cutting process must be correct.Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per
24、minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts - with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement,
25、 feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。Depth of penetration of a c
26、utting tool - to inches dollars - is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.Wears of Cutting ToolWe already have been processed and the rattle of t
27、he countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cu
28、tting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vice-bladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible
29、 failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts.As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and fla
30、nk before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity
31、 of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and
32、 for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen.The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Ther
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