关于提单的三个国际公约.docx

1、关于提单的三个国际公约 关于提单的三个国际公约一、发展过程关于提单的三个国际公约是海牙规则维斯比规则汉堡规则。1、在19世纪中叶，船公司所签发的提单列举大量免责事项，形成了除了收取费用，对所承运的货物，几乎不负任何责任的状况，引起了代表货方利益的商界的不满。2、1893年，美国国会通过哈特法，规定了承运人承担的最低责任，把承运人的过失分为管货过失和管船过失，在有2种过失的情况下，提单中免责条款无效。3、1921年国际法协会在海牙召开会议制定海牙规则，1924年，布鲁塞尔会议上对其作了一些修改，正式定名为统一提单的若干法律规则的国际公约，通称为1924年海牙规则，1931年生效。目前有87个成员

2、国。海牙规则还是侧重保护船东利益。4、1968年在布鲁塞尔制定了修改统一提单的若干法律规则的国际公约的议定书，简称维斯比规则对海牙规则作了小的修改。该议定书影响不大。5、由于发展中国家的斗争和要求，1978年联合国贸易会议主持制定了汉堡规则，全称为联合国海上货物运输公约。该公约在有20个国家批准后一年届满的次月第一日起生效。目前已有20个缔约国，1992年11月1日生效。二、关于汉堡规则。汉堡规则按照船方和货方合理分担风险的原则，适当加重了承运人的责任，使双方权利义务趋于平等。汉堡规则修改了海牙规则，内容主要包括以下几个方面： （1）适用范围海牙规则适用于在任何缔约国签发的一切提单。汉堡规则在

3、此基础上扩大其适用范围，规定：装货港在一缔约国内；预订的卸货港或实际的卸货港在一缔约国内；提单或证明海上运输合同的其它单据是在缔约国内签发；提单或证明海上运输合同的其它单据规定，公约的各项规定或使其生效的国内立法，约束该提单；依租船合同签发的提单，如果该提单约束承运人和非承租人的提单持有人之间的关系。（2）承运人责任起讫从海牙规则规定的，从货物装上船时起至卸下船时止，货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间扩展为承运人在装货港接管货物时起至卸货港货交收货人为止货物在承运人掌管之下的整个期间。 值得注意的是我国海上运输实践中一直采用海牙规则规定的责任起讫时间。新颁布的海商法作了新的规定，对集装箱货物和非

4、集装箱货物的运输加以区分，并在承运人承担责任上分别作出规定：对于集装箱装运的货物的责任期间，是从装货港接收货物时起至卸货港交付货物时止，货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间；对非集装箱装运的货物，其责任期间从货物装上船时起至卸下船时止，货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。对于装船前和卸船后所承担的责任，由双方协议决定之。这样，对非集装箱货物适用海牙规则，而对集装箱货物承运人的责任起讫适用汉堡规则 请见我国海商法第四十六条规定：“承运人对集装箱装运的货物的责任期间，是指从装货港接收货物时起至卸货港交付货物时止，货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。承运人对非集装箱装运的货物的责任期间，是指从货物装上船时起

5、至卸下船时止，货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。在承运人的责任期间，货物发生灭失或者损坏，除本节另有规定外，承运人应当负赔偿责任。前款规定，不影响承运人就非集装箱装运的货物，在装船前和卸船后所承担的责任，达成任何协议。” （3）赔偿责任。汉堡规则把海牙规则中承运人的不完全过失责任改为承运人的推定完全过失责任制。即除非承运人证明他本人及代理人和所雇佣人员为避免事故的发生及其后果已采取了一切合理要求的措施，否则，承运人对在其掌管期间因货物灭失、损坏及延迟交货所造成的损失负赔偿责任。（4）货物。海牙规则中货物的概念不包括舱面货物和集装箱装运的货物及活动物。汉堡规则规定，承运人只有与托运人达成协议或符

6、合特定的贸易习惯或为法规或条例要求时，才能在舱面载运货物，否则要对舱面货物发生的损失负赔偿责任。对于活动物，只要承运人证明是按托运人对该动物作出的指示办事，则对动物的灭失、损坏或延迟交货造成的损失视为运输固有的特殊风险而不承担责任。我国海商法中也规定了与之相类似的内容。 （5）赔偿金额。汉堡规则将海牙规则和维斯比规则的规定提高到每件或其它装运单位835计算单位或相当于毛重每公斤2.5计算单位的金额，以较高者为准。所谓计算单位是指国际货币基金组织规定的特别提款权。对于延迟交货，承运人的赔偿责任以相当于该延迟交付货物应付运费的2.5倍为限，但不得超过海上运输合同中规定的应付运费金额。（6）保函。汉

7、堡规则将保函合法化。规定托运人为取得清洁提单向承运人出具承担赔偿责任的保函在托运人和承运人之间有效，但对提单受让人包括任何收货人在内的任何第三方无效。在发生诈欺的情况下(无论是托运人或者承运人)，承运人承担赔偿责任，且不能享受公约规定的责任限制利益。（7）索赔与诉讼时效。汉堡规则将海牙规则和维斯比规则规定的1年时效改为2年，并经接到索赔要求人的声明可以多次延长。收货人应在收到货物次1日，将损失书面通知承运人。如货物损失属非显而易见的，则在收货后连续15日内，海牙规则规定3天内，我国海商法规定7天内，集装箱在运输交付货物次日起15天内，延迟交货应在收货后连续60天内将书面通知送交承运人，否则，收

8、货人丧失索赔权利。（8）管辖权。对此，海牙规则和维期比规则均未作规定。汉堡规则规定，原告就货物运输的法律程序，可就法院地作下列选择： 被告主营业所所在地或惯常居所所在地；或 合同订立地，且合同是通过被告“在该地的营业所、分支机构或代理机构订立的；或 装货港或卸货港；或 海上运输合同中指定的其它地点。中远集团提单背面条款中英对照1. DEFINITIONS 定义Carrier means COSCO container lines company limited. “承运人”（CARRIER）是指“中远集运”，即中远集装箱运输有限公司。 Merchant includes the consign

9、or, the shipper, the receiver, the consignee, the owner of the Goods, the lawful holder or endorsee of this Bill of Lading, or any other person having any present or future interest in the Goods or this Bill of Lading, or anyone authorized to act on behalf of any of the foregoing. “货方”（MERCHANT）包括发货

10、人、托运人、收货人、受货人、货主、本提单的合法持有人或被背书人，或与货物或本提单具有现时或未来利益关系的任何人，或被授权代表前述任何一方行事的任何人。 Vessel, where the context so admits, includes the Vessel named in Box 6 of this Bill of Lading or any substitute therefor, and any feeder vessel, lighter or barge used by or on behalf of the Carrier in connection with any se

11、aborne leg of the carriage. “船舶”按有关上下文情况，包括本提单第6栏所列船舶或其替代船舶，以及承运人或代表承运人于全部运程中的海运阶段所使用的任何支线船或驳船。 Sub-contractor includes owners and operators of vessels (other than the Carrier), stevedores, terminal, warehouse, depot and groupage operators, road and rail transport operators and any independent contr

12、actor employed by the Carrier in the performance of the carriage and any sub-sub-contractor thereof. The expression Sub-contractor shall include direct and indirect Sub-contractors and their respective servants, agents or Sub-contractors. “分立契约人”（SUB-CONTRACTOR）包括（除承运人以外的）船舶所有人及经营人，装卸工人，码头、仓库、集装箱储运站

13、经营人及拼箱经营人，公路及铁路运输经营人，及承运人雇佣的用以进行运输的任何独立订约人，以及其小分立契约人（SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR）。分立契约人一词应包括直接及间接分立契约人及其各自的受雇人、代理人或分立契约人。 Goods means the whole or any part of the cargo received from the Merchant and includes any Container not supplied by or on behalf of the Carrier. “货物”（GOODS）是指自货方收到的全部货物或其任何部分，并包括非由承运人或其代

14、表提供的任何集装箱。 Package means each Container which is stuffed and sealed by or on behalf of the Merchant, and not the items packed in such Container if the number of such items is not indicated on the front of this Bill of Lading or is indicated by the terms such as Said to Contain or similar expressions

15、. “件”是指由货方或其代表装载并铅封的每一集装箱，而不是在集装箱中所装的货物件数，如果此项件数未在本提单正面列明，或者是用“据称内装”或类似词句列明。 Shipping Unit means any physical unit of cargo not shipped in a package, including machinery, vehicles and boats, except goods shipped in bulk. “装运单位”（SHIPPING UNIT）是指未以包件运输的任何一个具体单位的货物，包括机械、车辆及船只，但散装货物除外。 2. CARRIERS TARIF

16、F 承运人的运价本3. SUB-CONTRACTING, INDEMNITY AND CERTAIN DEFENSES, EXEMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS分立契约、赔偿以及抗辩、免除事项及责任限制 (1) The Carrier shall have the right at any time and on any terms whatsoever to sub-contract the whole or any part of the carriage with any Sub-contractor and/or to substitute any other vesse

17、l or means of transport for the Vessel. 承运人有权在任何时间以任何条件将运输的全部或其任何部分同任何分立契约人订立分立契约，并（或）以任何其他船舶或运输工具代替本船。 The Merchant undertakes that no claim or legal action whatsoever shall be made or brought against any person by whom the carriage is performed or undertaken (including, but not limited to, the Car

18、riers servants, agents or Sub-contractors), other than the Carrier, which imposes or attempts to impose upon any such person, or any vessel owned or operated by such person, any liability whatsoever in connection with the Goods or the carriage thereof whether or not arising out of negligence on the

19、part of such person. Should any such claim or legal action nevertheless be made or brought, the Merchant undertakes to indemnify the Carrier against all consequences thereof including legal expenses on a full indemnity basis. Without prejudice to the foregoing, every such person or vessel, including

20、, but not limited to, the Carriers servants, agents, or Sub-contractors as defined in Clause 1 above, shall have the benefit of every exemption, defense and limitation herein contained applicable to the Carrier, in contract or in tort, as if such provision were expressly contracted for its benefit,

21、and, in entering into this contract, the Carrier, to the extent of such exemptions, defenses and limitations, does so not only on its behalf, but also as an agent and trustee for such person or vessel. 货方保证，不向承运人以外的由其履行或承办运输的任何人（包括但不限于承运人的受雇人、代理人或分立契约人）就货物或货物运输一事而提起向其或其所拥有或经营的任何船舶加诸或意欲加诸任何责任的索赔或任何法律

22、诉讼，不论此项责任是否由于此种人的疏忽而引起。如果，即使如此，此项索赔或法律诉讼仍被提起，则货方保证就由此引起的后果包括法律费用，全部赔偿承运人。在不防碍上述规定的情况下，上述第(1)款所述每一个人或船舶，包括但不限于承运人的受雇人、代理人或分立契约人，都应享有本提单所载适用于承运人的在涉及合同或侵权事件中的每一免除事项、抗辩及责任限制，犹如此种条款已为其利益而明文规定，而且在订立本提单时，就上述免除事项、抗辩及责任限制而言，承运人不仅代表其本身，而且也是作为上述的人或船舶的代理人或受托人.4. CARRIERS RESPONSIBILITY 承运人的责任(1) Port to Port Sh

23、ipment If boxes 6, 7 and 8 but not boxes 4, 5 and 9 are filled in on the front of this Bill of Lading, this Bill of Lading is a Port-to-Port contract. The Carrier shall be responsible for the Goods as Carrier from the time when the Goods are received by the Carrier at the Port of Loading until the t

24、ime of delivery thereof at the port of discharge to the Merchant or to the Authority as required by local laws or regulations, whichever occurs earlier. 港到港运输 如果填注本提单正面第6、7、8栏，而不填注第4、5、9栏，本提单便是港到港契约。承运人应自其在装货港收到货物之时起即作为承运人而对货物负责，直至在卸货港将货物交与货方或按当地法律或规章要求交与有关当局之时为止，二者之中以先发生者为准。 (2) Combined Transport

25、If Box 4, Box 5 and/or Box 9 are filled in on the front of this Bill of Lading and the place(s) or port(s) indicated therein is/are place(s) or port(s) other than that indicated in Box 7 and Box 8 and Freight is paid for combined transport, this Bill of Lading is a combined transport contract. / The

26、 Carrier undertakes to arrange or procure the pre-carriage and/or on-carriage segments of the combined transport. All claims arising from the combined transport carriage must be filed with the Carrier within 9 months after the delivery of the Goods or the date when the Goods should have been deliver

27、ed, failing which the Carrier shall be discharged from all liabilities whatsoever in respect of the Goods. If any payment is made by the Carrier to the Merchant in respect of any claim arising from the combined transport carriage, the Carrier shall be automatically subrogated to or given all rights

28、of the Merchant against all others including pre-carrier or on-carrier or Sub-contractor on account of such loss or damage. 联合运输 如果填注本提单正面的第4、第5及（或）第9栏，而且该栏中所述地点或港口乃是除第7栏及第8栏所列者以外的地点或港口，并已就联合运输支付运费，本提单便是联合运输提单。承运人负责安排或组织落实联合运输中的前一程运输以及（或）续程运输。所有由于联合运输而引起的索赔必须在交付货物之日或应当交付货物之日之后九个月内向承运人提出，否则承运人便应被解除其关

29、于货物的任何责任。如果承运人已就因联合运输而引起的任何索赔向货方支付任何款项，承运人便应自然而然地以代位关系而取得或被赋予货方针对所有其他人包括前一程承运人或续程承运人或分立契约人就此项灭失或损害而享有的权利。 Nothing herein contained shall be deemed a waiver of any rights that the Carrier may have against a pre-carrier or on-carrier or Sub-contractor for indemnity or otherwise. 本款所载任何规定都不得视为承运人针对前一程承

30、运人或续程承运人或分立契约人就赔偿或其他事项所享有的任何权利的放弃。5. NOTICE OF CLAIM AND TIME BAR 索赔通知及时效(1) Unless notice of loss or damage is given in writing to the Carriers agent at the Port of Discharge or Place of Delivery before or on the date of delivery of the Goods, or if loss or damage is not apparent, within 15 consecu

31、tive days thereafter, such delivery shall be prima facie evidence of the delivery of the Goods by the Carrier and/or on-carrier in the order and condition described in this Bill of Lading. 除非已在卸货港或交货地点于交货之日以前或交货之日向承运人的代理人提出关于灭失或损害的书面通知，或在灭失或损害不明显时，在交货之日以后15个连续日之内提出上述书面通知，此项交付便应是承运人及（或）续程承运人按本提单所述状况及

32、条件交付货物的初步证据。 (2) The Carrier, its servants, agents and Sub-contractors shall be discharged from all liabilities whatsoever unless suit is brought within one year after the delivery of the Goods or the date when the Goods should have been delivered. 除在交付货物或应交付货物之日起一年之内提起诉讼，承运人、其受雇人、代理人及分立契约人便应被解除一切责任。6. LOSS OR DAMAGE 灭失或损害(1) The terms of this Bill of Lading shall at all times govern all responsibilities of the Carrier in connection with or arising out of