美国专八常识.docx

1、美国专八常识专八人文知识精讲(14)：美国地理1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska northwestern Canada, and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位于太平洋中部。2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres. It is the fourth largest country in the world i

2、n size after Russia,Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，国土面积为930万平方公里。3.Of all states of American, Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国本土，最大的州是得克萨斯州。4.The Rockies, the backbone of the North Am

3、erican Continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountainsand the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to s

4、outheast.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。阿巴拉契亚山脉的走向是从东北到西南，落基山脉则是从西北到东南。6.The Mississippi River is the largest river in America, over 6000 kilometers.The Mississippi has been called father of watersor old man river.密西西比河是美国最长河流，长度超过6000公里。被称作众水之父或老人河。7.The Ohio river has been called the American Ruhr, As in G

5、ermany, the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is wellknown for its steel industry.The river provides cheap water transportation for rawmaterials.俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的高品千周的焦煤，并且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。8.On the Pacific side there are two great r

6、ivers: the Colorado in the south and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.太平洋沿岸有两大河：南部的科罗拉多河，以及发源于加拿大的哥伦比亚河。9.The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的天然界河。10.the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Super

7、ior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan, the only entirely in the U.S., Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖（世界上最大的淡水湖），密歇根湖（五大湖中唯一完全位于美国境内的），休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖。除了密歇根湖，其他四大湖都位于美国和

8、加拿大的国境线上。专八人文知识精讲(15)：美国概述一、气候1. A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.美国东北部为湿润的大陆性气候。2. In the south-eastern United States you can find ahumid subtropical climate.东南部则是湿润的亚热带气候。3. The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate.太平洋西北岸为海洋性气候。4. The so

9、uthern part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and moist winters.加州太平洋沿岸南部是地中海式气候，夏天干燥炎热，冬天潮湿多雨。5. Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States. Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the G

10、ulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes.除了海拔之外，许多因素影响着美国的气候，其中最主要的因素为：太平洋，大西洋，墨西哥湾，五大湖。二、地理城市1.Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into seven geographical regions.美国从东到西可分为七个地理区。 2.New England is made up of six states of the Northeast .Because of its stony soil it is

11、not noted for its agriculture. Dairying is the most inportant farm activity. New Englishis also well-known for its position in education, Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale, Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) are located here.新英格兰由美国东北部六个州组成，由于土壤多石，不利于农业生产，乳制品业是最

12、重要的农业活动。许多重点大学如耶鲁大学，哈佛大学和麻省理工学院都坐落于此。 3.Chicago, the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industrial and commercial center of the area.芝加哥是五大湖最大最忙的港口，也是该地区最大的工商业中心。 4.Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world. Omaha is known as the agricultural capital of the Uni

13、ted states.底特律被称作“世界汽车之都”。奥马哈被称作“美国农业之都”。 5.Dry farming, irrigation farming, and the cattle and sheep herding are the main ativities of the Great Plains of the American West.旱地农业，灌溉农业和畜牧业是美国西部大平原地区的主要活动。6.Colorado has been called the steel city of the west. Denver is the largest city of the Great Pl

14、ains.科罗拉多市被称作“西部钢城”。丹佛市是大平原地区最大的城市。 7.the largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau.美国最大的土著群落位于科罗拉多高原。 8.Mmauna Loa, the worlds largest volcano, is located on Haiwaii and erupts from time to time. Suger cane and pineapples are Haiwaiis main crops.Tourism is Haiwaiis most i

15、mportant industry.莫纳洛阿火山是世界最大活火山，位于夏威夷，不时喷发。甘蔗和菠罗是夏威夷的两大作物，旅游业是夏威夷最重要的产业。 9.Honolulu is the capital of Haiwaii and Juneau is the capital of Alaska.火奴鲁鲁是夏威夷的首府，朱诺是阿拉斯加的首府。三、人口1.New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees,which came to stand for all American.新英格兰人最初曾被称作“Yankee”，这一名称后来渐渐指所有的美国人。2.T

16、he Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth of the total population of the United States.大西洋中部各州的人口占美国总人口的1/5。3.The soil is rich, the rain usually plentiful and the growing season long, these factors make the Midwest Americas most important agricultural area. It is also a major manufacturing regi

17、on and the nations leading center of heavy industry.中西部地区土壤肥沃，雨量充沛，生长季节较长，是美国最重要的农业区，也是主要的制造业区和全国的重工业中心。Part1.ColonialAmerica 殖民地时期的美国文学ThomasPaine托马斯潘恩(1737-1809)：TheCaseoftheOfficersofExcise税务员问题；CommonSense常识；AmericanCrisis美国危机；RightsofMan:DownfallofDespotism人的权利：专制体制的崩溃；TheAgeofReason理性时代PhilipF

18、reneau菲利普弗伦诺(1752-1832)：TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲；TheBritishPrisonShip英国囚船；TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans纪念美国勇士；TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金银花；TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人殡葬地JonathanEdwards乔纳森爱德华(17021758)：TheFreedomoftheWill自由意志论；TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSindefended伟哉原罪论辩；TheNatureofTrueVirtue真美德的性质B

19、enjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林(1706-1790):AModestInquiryintotheNatureandNecessityofaPaperMoney；PoorRichardsAlmanack穷查理历书；TheWaytoWealth致富之道；TheAutobiography自传Part2.AmericanRomanticism 美国浪漫主义文学WashingtonIrving华盛顿欧文(1783-1859)：AHistoryofNewYork纽约的历史美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；TheSketchBook见闻札记；TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说

20、使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；BracebridgeHall布雷斯布里奇田庄；TalksofTravellers旅客谈；TheAlhambra阿尔罕伯拉JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯费尼莫尔库珀(1789-1851)：TheSpy间谍；ThePilot领航者；TheLittlepageManuscripts利特佩奇的手稿；LeatherstockingTales皮裹腿故事集：ThePioneer拓荒者；TheLastofMohicans最后的莫希干人；ThePrairie大草原；ThePathfinder探路者；TheDeerslayer杀鹿者Part3.NewEngla

21、ndTranscendentalism 新英格兰超验主义文学RalfWaldoEmerson拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生(1803-1882)：Essays:Nature散文集：论自然新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书；TheAmericanScholar论美国学者；Divinity:TheOversoul论超灵；Self-reliance论自立；TheTranscendentalist超验主义者；RepresentativeMen代表人物；EnglishTraits英国人的特征；SchoolAddress神学院演说；ConcordHymn康考德颂；TheRhodo杜鹃花；TheHumbleBee野蜂；Days

22、日子首开自由诗之先河HenryDavidThoreau亨利大卫梭罗(1817-1862)：Wadden,orLifeintheWoods瓦尔登湖，或林中生活；ResistancetoCivilGovernment/CivilDisobedience论公民的不服从；AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRivers在康科德河与梅里麦克河上一周HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利沃兹沃思朗费罗(1807-1882)：TheSongofHiawatha海华沙之歌美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗；VoicesoftheNight夜吟；BalladsandOtherPoe

23、ms民谣及其他诗；BelfryofBrugesandOtherPoems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗；TalesofaWaysideInn路边客栈的故事：AnAprilDay四月的一天；APsalmofLife人生礼物；PaulReveresRide保罗里维尔的夜奔；Evangeline伊凡吉琳；TheCourtshipofMilesStandish迈尔斯斯坦迪什的求婚；PoemsonSlavery奴役篇NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔霍桑(1804-1864)：Twice-toldTales尽人皆知的故事；MossesfromanOldManse古屋青苔：YoungGoodmanBrow

24、n年轻的古德曼布朗；TheScarletLetter红字；TheHouseoftheSevenGables有七个尖角阁的房子；TheBlithedaleRomance福谷传奇；TheMarbleFaun玉石雕像HermanMelville赫尔曼梅尔维尔(1819-1891)：MobyDick/TheWhiteWhale莫比迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比；Omoo奥穆；Mardi玛地；Redburn雷得本；WhiteJacket白外衣；Pierre皮尔埃；Piazza广场故事；BillyBudd比利巴德WaltWhitman沃尔特惠特曼(1819-1892)：LeavesofGrass草叶集：Son

25、goftheBroad-Axe阔斧之歌；IhearAmericaSinging我听见美洲在歌唱；WhenLilacsLostintheDooryardBloomd小院丁香花开时；DemocraticVistas民主的前景；TheTrampandStrikeQuestion流浪汉和罢工问题；SongofMyself自我之歌EmilyDickinson埃米莉迪金森(1830-1886)：ThePoemsofEmilyDichenson埃米莉迪金森诗集EdgarAllanPoe埃德加爱伦坡(1809-1849)：TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque怪诞奇异故事集；Tales

26、故事集；TheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍古屋的倒塌；Ligeia莱琪儿；AnnabelLee安娜贝尔李歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头；TamerlaneandOtherPoems帖木儿和其他诗；TheRavenandOtherPoems乌鸦及其他诗：TheRaven乌鸦；TheCityintheSea海城；Israfel伊斯拉菲尔；ToHellen致海伦HarrietBeecherStowe哈丽特比彻斯托(1811-1896)：UncleTomsCabin汤姆叔叔的小屋；ATaleoftheGreatDismalSwamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片

27、；TheMinistersWooing牧师的求婚；ThePearlofOrrsIsland奥尔岛的珍珠；OldtownFolks老城的人们Part4.TheageofRealism 现实主义文学WilliamDeanHowells威廉狄恩豪威尔斯(1837-1920)：TheRiseofSilasLapham赛拉斯拉帕姆的发迹；AModernInstance现代婚姻；AHazardofNowFortunes时来运转；ATravellerfromAltruia从利他国来的旅客；ThroughtheEyeoftheNeedle透过针眼乌托邦小说；Novel-WritingandNovel-Read

28、ing小说创作与小说阅读HenryJames享利詹姆斯(1843-1916)：小说：DaisyMiller戴茜米勒；ThePortraitofaLady贵妇人画像；TheBostonians波士顿人；TheRealThingandOtherTales真货色及其他故事；TheWingsoftheDove鸽翼；TheAmbassadors大使；TheGoldenBowl金碗评论集：FrenchPoetsandNovelists法国诗人和小说家；Hawthorne霍桑；PartialPortraits不完全的画像；NotesandReviews札记与评论；ArtofFictionandOtherEs

29、says小说艺术Part5.LocalColorism 本地主义文学MarkTwain(Samuel Langhorne Clemens)马克吐温(1835-1910)美国文学的一大里程碑：TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙；TheInnocentsAbroad傻瓜出国记；TheGildedAge镀金时代；TheAdventuresofTomSawyer汤姆索耶历险记；ThePrinceandthePauper王子与贫儿；TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn哈克贝利费恩历险记；AConnecticutY

30、ankeeinKingArthursCourt亚瑟王宫中的美国佬；TheTragedyofPuddnheadWilson傻瓜威尔逊；PersonalRecollectionsofJoanofArc冉达克；TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人；HowtoTellaStory怎样讲故事对美国早期幽默文学的总结Part6.AmericanNaturalism 自然主义文学StephenCrane斯蒂芬克莱恩(1871-1900)：Maggie:AGirloftheStreets街头女郎梅姬美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运；TheRedBadgeofCourage红色英勇勋章；TheOpenBoat小划子；TheBrideComestoYellowSky新娘来到黄天镇FrankNorris弗兰克诺里斯(1870-1902)：MoranoftheLadyLetty茱蒂夫人