高考英语语法知识复习精讲精练复合句.docx

1、高考英语语法知识复习精讲精练复合句高考英语语法知识复习（复合句）（温故篇）一、名词性从句概念与分类 名词性从句相当于名词，可分别在句中作主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 从属连词that：在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意思，只起连接作用，因此往往可以省略从属连词if, whether：在从句中不充当任何成分，有意义，不可以省略连接代词who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose：在从句中充当成分，有意义，不可以省略连接副词where, wh

2、en, why, how：在从句中充当成分，有意义，不可以省略一、主语从句.由从属连词引导的主语从句：Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss. 那个国家是否应该建立核电站That light travels in straight line is known to all .光以直线传播.由连接代词引导的主语从句： What we need is more time. 我们所需要的是Whichever book you choose doesnt matter t

3、o me.无论你选哪本书Whoever comes will be welcome.无论谁来.由连接副词引导的主语从句：When the plane is to take off hasnt been announced.飞机什么时候起飞Where he has been is still a puzzle.他到过哪儿How much water is flowing can be measured easily.水的流量是多少4.关于形式主语 it It + be +形容词+ that-从句 It is necessary that 有必要 It is important that 重要的是

4、 It is obvious that 很明显 It is likely that.很可能It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed that人们相信 It is known to all that众所周知 It has been decided that 已决定 It + be +名词+ that-从句 It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that 事实是 可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question/

5、pity等。 It +不及物动词+ that-分句 It appears that似乎 It happens that碰巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起 It doesnt matter whether he likes or not. 二、表语从句可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等。The problem is that millions of people die of illnesses caused by smoking.数百万人死于由抽烟引起的疾病The question remains whether we ca

6、n win the game.我们是否能赢得这次比赛 Thats just what I want. 我想要的This is where our problem lies. 我们的问题所在The difficulty is how we can help smokers kick their habit我们如何帮助吸烟的人值得注意的是：1. 表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由as, as if ，as though引导.Things were not as they seemed.It looks as if it is going to rain.好象要下

7、雨了。2、另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：The reason whyis that (而不用 because)It ( This, That ) is becauseThe reason why he was dismissed is that he didnt work hard. 他为什么被开除是因为他工作不努力。It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in business.三、同位语从句同位语从句一般由 that, whether 等连词引导，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, inf

8、ormation, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。l. The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 登陆月球.2. I have no idea when he will be back. 什么时候回来3. The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen illMary也

9、许病了4. He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.是否同意四、宾语从句宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。1.及物动词后的宾语从句：She will give whoever needs help a warm support任何需要帮助的人I wonder why she refused my invitation她为什么拒绝了我的邀请2.介词后的宾语从句：I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.我总是

10、在思考如何提高我的口语水平。The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. 老师对他所说的话很满意。3.某些形容词后的宾语从句：I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.通过努力工作，你将取得更大的进步We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to us.他没有告别就走了4.非谓语动词后的宾语从句：Realizing that it was just a differ

11、ence in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing. On being asked whether he had had a good time in Australia, he answered “Terrible ”. 5.关于形式宾语itWe must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须清楚任何违犯法律的人都将受到惩罚。I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice.

12、我发现我们有必要征求他的意见。 五、名词性从句重难点1. 在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：Can you make sure _the gold ring ？（MET90）A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice putYou cant imagine _when they received these nice Christmas presents.（94上海）A.how they were excited B.how excited they were

13、C.how excited were they D.they were how excited2. 动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中，其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词；用在肯定句中，连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用 that。Do you doubt that he will win ?I dont doubt that your proposition is wrong . He doubt whether I know it . 3. 否定转移问题。 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等动

14、词后面跟宾语从句时否定转移I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。 I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。We dont expect he will come tonight , will he ? 注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移 It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesnt appear that well

15、 have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 4. 主谓一致问题。What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the worldWhat I bought were three English books5. 语气问题 在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire, require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“should+ 动词原形”的

16、结构I suggest we (should) set off at once. 我建议我们应该立刻出发。 在It is 过去分词that的主语从句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required等。 It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening 在表语从句或同位语从句中 The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the pr

17、izes was accepted by everyone 在It is（was）形容词that从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should ）动词原形，表示建议或不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。 It is necessary that a college student _at least a foreign language（上海1993） A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master 6.What引导名词从句的

18、特殊含义:What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality(what为“所的事”，相当于“the thing that；all that；everything that”)After _ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed（M ET93） A. what B. when C. that D. which (what相当于“the time that”，表示“时间”)He is not what he was a few years

19、 ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？(what表示“的人”，相当于“the person that”)What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world(what表示“的地方”，相当于“the place that”)Our income is now double what it was ten years ago(what表示“的数目”，相当于“the amount number that”)7.不可省略的连词：介词后的连词不可省略如：Before I

20、came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.下楼之前，我已经把我要说的认真准备好了。引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略如：That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。 8.比较：whether 与 if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：whether 引导主语从句在句首Whether sh

21、e comes or not doesnt concern me .她是否来与我无关。引导表语从句 His first question was whether she had arrived yet. 他问第一个问题就是她来了没有。引导同位语从句 Answer my question whether you are coming.回答我你是否来的问题。whether 从句作介词宾语 I worry about whether I hurt her feeling .我担心是否伤了她的感情。与or not连在一起 I dont know whether or not he is going t

22、o Japan.我不知道他是否去日本。 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it 充当形式主语。例如： It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。 It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。二、状语从句状语从句在高考试题中加上其它从句的干扰，以及倒装句，强调句的介入，使得状语从句更为复杂。状语从句是一种副词性从句，通常由一个从属连词或一个起连词作用的词组引导。1.时间状语从句由下列连词引导：when, while , as, before, after, onc

23、e, till, until, once, as soon as, now that, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen, no soonerthan,有一些表示时间的副词（短语）或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly, instantly, immediately, by the time，the moment, the second, the minute, the instant, every time, each time, next time, the last time等注意点如下：1)when, while, as引导的时间状语从句as表示“当的时候

24、”，往往和when/ while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。She came up as I was cooking.(同时)When I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.我在街上行走时，碰到一位老朋友when(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)When we were a

25、t school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)When we arrived there, the film had already begun.(先后发生)While强调一段时间里，仅表示从句和主句的动作同时发生，并且有延续意义，该从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词，从句中常用过去进行时态或一般过去时态；在when表示a period of time时，两者可以互换。Please dont talk so loud while/when others are working. 其他人工作时请不要大声讲话。He fell asleep whi

26、le/when reading. 读书时他睡着了。While they were watching TV, I was preparing myself for the coming examination. 他们在看电视，而我在为即将到来的考试做准备。Strike while the iron is hot.( 不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁”)as表示主从句动作同时发生，所以常译作一边一边。John sings as he works.As his hands dropped he dropped with it, and I laid him down ,dead.当W

27、hen引出的时间状语从句为系表结构，而且其主语和主句的主语一致，其表语又是一个名词时，就可以用 as 引导的省略句来代替。When he was a young man (= As a young man ) he was fond of hunting.2)before状语从句的重点句型It will (not ) be a period of time before 还要才，要不了多久就 was (not) 过了才 没多久就It was a long time before I got to sleep . 过了好长时间我才睡着了。It wasnt long before he told

28、me about the news. 没多久他就告诉了我那条新闻。不等就 在-之前：Before I could get in a word, he had measured me. The telephone rang off before I could answer it. 我还没来得及接电话，电话就挂断了。刚就：He hardly entered the room before he heard the telephone ring.先再：You can have a few days to think about it before you make your decision. 做

29、出决定之前你还有几天时间考虑3)since 引导的从句用延续性动词的过去式（包括过去完成时），则从句的动作已经结束,从句意思是否定的。如果从句的动词是延续性动词的完成时态，从句意思是肯定的。 It is /has been a period of time 延续性动词的过去式 自从该动作结束已多长时间 延续性动词的完成时态 since 该动作已延续了多长时间 短暂性动词的过去式 自从该动作开始已多长时间He has never been to see me since I was ill.我病愈后，他一直未来看我。（不在生病了）He has never been to see me since

30、 I have been ill.我病了，他一直未来看我。I havent heard from him since he lived here.自从他这里搬走，我就没有收到他的信。（不住在这儿了）I know him very well since he has lived here near us.自他住在我们附近以来，我对他很了解。Its three years since I was in the army.我退伍已三年了。（不在服役了）Its three years since I have been in the army=Its three years since I joined the army.我入伍已三年了。 4)如果与till与until从句使用的主句是肯定的，则主句中谓语要用延续性动词如果与其使用的主句是否肯定的，则主句中谓语要用短暂性动词。另till从句不可以置于句首，只有until从句可以放在句首。not until 放在句首时主句要倒装。He didnt go back to his hometown until three years later.=Not until three years later did he go back to his hometown.I