高考英语长难句考场攻略.docx

1、高考英语长难句考场攻略第一章 并列句一、 并列句的构成：简单句+并列连词+简单句常见并列连词：表顺接表转折表选择表因果and BothandNot onlywbut alsoNot onlybutNot onlybutas well 但是：butyetwhilewhereasor 或者Eitheror 二选一Neithernor 两者都不for因为so所以Eg: The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.二、 并列句的省略：相同部分可省略，不同部分保持不变Eg: The program ke

2、eps tracks of your progress and provides detailed feedback on your performance and improvement.【考场攻略】：找到并列句省略的部分Eg: You can become a lawer in three years and you can become a medical doctor in four. You can become a lawer in three years and a medical doctor in four. Eg: He visited the Casino,he lost

3、 the $20 and he left. He visited the Casino,lost the $20 and left.第二章 复合句（复合句=主句+从句）一名词性从句1 宾语从句1、 宾语从句的含义：一个句子放到另一个句子里作宾语2、 宾语从句的写法：主句+连接词+从句（主句缺什么，连接词用什么；从句为陈述句）Eg:1）Dr.worm acknowledges that these figures are conservation. (that不作成分可省略) 2）We suddenly cant remember where we put the keys just a mom

4、ent ago. 3）I dont know if other clients are going to abandon me ,too. 4）Why do so many Americans distrusts what they read in their newspapers?3、 宾语从句的位置：（1）及物动词+宾语从句Eg：1）Scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to mental effort.2）This may also explain why we are not us

5、ually sensitive to our own smells3）users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.(双宾)（2）介词+宾语从句Eg: 1)This and other similar cases raise the question of whether there is still a line between court and politics.2)Those difference are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the i

6、nformation.（3）形容词+宾语从句() Eg: He felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.4、 考研中常出现的三种宾语从句:（1）非谓语动词+宾语从句：（不一定是谓语动词+宾从，只要是及物动词就可加宾语从句）Eg: 1)You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to. 2)Neither of these pattern is borne out by the ana

7、lysis,suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.（2）多个宾语从句：Eg: To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. （3）宾语从句后置，it作形式宾语：（

8、条件：宾语从句太长；必须在主谓宾补的句子中）Eg: That kinds of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be accepted as impartial judgements.2 表语从句1、 表语从句的含义：一个句子放到另一个句子里作表语2、 表语从句的写法：同宾语从句，但that不作成分也不可以省略Eg: 1)The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.2)Part of the problem is

9、that the justices are not bound by an code.3)This is where developing new habits comes in.4)Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. 3、表语从句的位置：位于系动词后3 主语从句1、 主语从句的含义：一个句子放到另一个句子里作主语2、 主语从句的写法：同宾语从句，但that不作成分也不可省略；表达“是否”时，宾从、表从whether/if可任选其一，而主语从句只能用whetherEg: 1)Whats needed is

10、 a package deal. 2)That the seas are being over fished has been known for years. 3)What motivated himwas his zeal for “fundamental fairness”. 4)Whether the communitys work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.3、 主语从句的位置：（1）位于句首：谓语动词前（2）位于句末：主语从句太长，用it作形式主语Eg: 1)It did

11、nt matter what was done in the experiment. 2)It is becoming less clear,however,that such a theory would be simplification. 4、 主语从句用于写作：（1）It is done+主语从句（表达人们对一件事的观点看法）Eg: 1)This year,it was proposed that the system be changed 2)It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry bec

12、ause they are sad（2）It is+adj./n.+主语从句（表达对一件事的评价）Eg: 1)It is obvious that their views wre less fully intellectualized. 2)It is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere.4 同位语从句1、 同位语从句的含义:一个句子放到另一个句子里解释说明名词（原句不缺成分）2、 同位语从句的写法：同宾语从句，但that不作成分也不可省略；最常用的是

13、that引导Eg: 1)Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thrity.2)Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting change is limited and mixed.3)A century years ago,Freud formulated his revolutionar

14、y theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears4)Part of the fame of Allens book is its contention that”Circumstance do not make a person,they reveal him”.5)Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged familities,ignoring the

15、fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.3、 同位语从句的位置：位于抽象名词后常见抽象名词：idea,opinion,fact,evidence,question,doubt,reason,theory,belief,possibility,chance,hope,contention,guarantee【名词性从句小结】：四种名词性从句写法基本相同，位置不同一、 定语从句1. 定语从句的概念：一个句子放到另一个句子里作定语，修饰限定名词（同位语从句只能修饰抽象名词，而定语从句修饰限定任何名词）Eg: Law is a

16、discipline which encourages responsible judgement. (定语从句的每一个关系词都作成分)2. 定语从句的写法：先行词n.+关系词+陈述句先行词关系词事/物Which/that人Who/whom(只能作宾语)/that人/物（表示人或物的所有关系，即“某人的/某物的”）Whose时间When地点Where原因why(1).先行词是事/物，关系词用which/thatEg: 1)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional,intellectual,and physical changes that young

17、 adults experience. 2)Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.(2).先行词是人，关系词用who/whom(只能作宾语时用)/thatEg: 1）Most archaeological sites,however,are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. 2）Retailers that master the int

18、ricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby.(3).先行词是人/物，表示人或物的所有关系，关系词用whoseEg: 1）On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference,at some basic level,seems to be the natural world. 2) This ,for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage,refe

19、rs to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.(4).先行词是时间，关系词用whenEg: 1）It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-c

20、ity newspapers.(5).先行词是地点，关系词选择whereEg: 1）In dreams,a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak(6).先行词是原因，关系词选择whyEg: 1）the other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.(7).特殊的关系词whereby=by whichEg: The definition

21、 also excludes the majority of teachers,despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.关于定语从句的关系词的几点注意：1 定语从句的关系词每一个都必须作成分，包括That2 Whom指人，只能在作宾语时使用3 When/where/why引导定语从句时，前面的先行词必须与之匹配4 关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，都可以省略Eg: 1）All humans actually aware o

22、f the world they live in? 2) these rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay.3. 定语从句的分类：He will call his friend who is working in London.（限定性定语从句，先行词范围不明确，需限定，不要逗号隔开）He will call his mother,who is working in London.（非限定性定语从句，先行词范围明确，不需限定，需要逗号隔开）限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句逗号无逗号有逗

23、号先行词范围不明确范围明确作用修饰限定先行词，不能省略，影响表意补充说明先行词，可以省略，不影响表意翻译往前翻译单独翻译成一句话关系词1 关系词可以用that2 作宾语可以省略3 指人作宾语，用whom/who/that都行1 关系词不能用that2 不可以省略3 指人作宾语，只能用whom4.定语从句与同位语从句的区别：1 同位语从句是解释说明名词；定语从句是修饰限定名词（类似于形容词的作用）2 同位语从句只能解释说明抽象名词；定语从句修饰限定任何名词补充1：特殊的非限定性定语从句（修饰整句话，关系词只能用which/as）Eg: 1）Most fisheries are well belo

24、w that,which is a bad way to do business. 2) A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of language,which is why children can learn it so quickly. 3) Nevertheless,as any biographer knows,a persons early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to

25、 an individual. 4) As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in rencent years.补充2：介词提前的定语从句Eg: 1）Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment which they live in.Furthermore,humans have the ability to modif

26、y the environment in which they live.2)commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections which a sample is compared mercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.3） Television is one of the means by which these feelings are c

27、reated and conveyed4)This is the credibility process,through which the individual researchers me,here,now becomes the communitys anyone, anywhere,anytime.注意：介词可以提前，也可以不提前，但如果介词提前了：指人介词+whom，指物介词+which【考场攻略】：1 找到从句不必纠结于从句的种类2 非限定性定语从句可省略不看3 找到定语从句和先行词there exists no language or dialect in the world t

28、hat cannot convey complex ideas.(一般情况下从句挨着先行词，若从句没有挨着先行词，用代入法看是否合适)二、 状语从句1 状语从句的含义：一个句子放到另一个句子里作状语。2 状语从句的写法：连接词+完整的句子（连词不做成分，表逻辑关系）Eg: 1)when the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. 2)We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us.3

29、. 状语从句的位置：位于主句前、中、后(前)As the economy picks up, opportunities will around for aspiring leaders.(后) Opportunities will around for aspiring leaders, As the economy picks up.(中) Opportunities, As the economy picks up ,will around for aspiring leaders。4. 状语从句的分类：（共9种5种常用）主要由连词决定，连词表示什么意思就是什么状语从句(1)时间状语从句

30、Eg: 1)But in some cases,one marketersowned media become another marketers paid media-for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. 2)In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. 3)As the brain fades,we refer to thes

31、e occurrences as”senior moments.”(refer A as B提到A的时候作为B) 4)Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the King for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. 5)Witness payments became an issue after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. 6)And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995,competition for gamblers dollars has become intense. 7)Grammer,punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise. 8)As soon as that report runs,w