优化方案高中英语Unit8AdventureSectionⅣGrammar.docx

1、优化方案高中英语Unit8AdventureSectionGrammarUnit 8 Adventure Section Grammar & Writing动作动词和状态动词动作动词与状态动词的分类动词按其词汇意义可分为状态动词(state verbs)和动作动词(activity verbs)。动作动词表示一种运动状态，绝大多数动词都是动作动词。状态动词则表示相对静止的状态。1动作动词动作动词既可用于进行时态，也可用于一般时态。动作动词大体可分为三类：表示延续性动作的动词work，drink，eat，read，write，walk，run，play，talk，carry，fly，watch等

2、该类动词用一般现在时表示经常性的、习惯性的动作；用现在进行时表示目前或者现在正在进行的动作表示短暂性动作的动词break，open，close，join，jump，hit，knock等该类动词用一般现在时表示现在一次性的动作；若用现在进行时则表示此短暂动作的多次重复。短暂性动词又称非延续性动词，不与表示一段时间的状语连用表示转变或者移动的动词arrive，change，come，go，leave，start，land等该类动词用一般现在时表示按时间表或者日程安排的将来；用现在进行时表示按计划、打算的将来He reads English in the garden at 5：30 every m

3、orning.他每天早晨5点半在花园里读英语。(延续性动词read用一般现在时表示经常性的、习惯性的动作)He is watching a football match on TV.他正在看电视上的足球赛。(延续性动词watch用现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作)Listen！Someone is knocking at the front door.听！有人在敲前门。(非延续性动词knock用现在进行时表示knock动作的重复)Hurry up！Our plane takes off at 8：30.快点！我们的航班8点半起飞。(表示移动的动词take off用一般现在时表示按时间表或者日程

4、安排的将来)Ladies and gentlemen，please fasten your seat belts.Our plane is taking off soon.女士们，先生们，请系好安全带。我们的航班马上起飞了。(表示移动的动词take off用现在进行时表示按计划、打算的将来)2状态动词状态动词表示相对静止的状态，一般不可用于进行时态。常用的状态动词大体可分为三类。表示感觉、感知的动词feel，see，taste，smell，hear，sound，seem等表示心理状态、喜好的动词understand，think，suppose，believe，know，want，forget，

5、remember，hate，admire，fear，care，like，prefer，regret，hope，object等表示拥有或者所属等关系的动词或动词词组，该类动词或动词词组往往不用于进行时态belong to，consist of，contain，cost，include，involve，lack，have，matter，need，want，possess，measure等Do you hear someone walking about in the next room?你听到隔壁房间里有人在走来走去吗？(hear为表示感知、感觉的状态动词)I believe hard work

6、will pay off sooner or later.我相信努力工作迟早会得到回报的。(believe为表示心理状态的状态动词)As is known to all，Taiwan belongs to China.众所周知，台湾属于中国。(belong to为表示拥有关系的状态动词词组，不用于进行时态)限制性和非限制性定语从句一、定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，限制性定语从句不能与主句分开；非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。This is the house whic

7、h we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)The house，which we bought last month，is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)温馨提示(1)在非限制性定语从句中，先行词指人的时候，关系代词只能是who，whom，不能用that；先行词指物的时候，关系代词只能用which，不能用that。(2)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。(3)引导非限制性定语从句的which，as可代替整个主句，相当于and this或and that。Liq

8、uid water changes to vapor，which is called evaporation.液态水变为水蒸气，这就叫作蒸发。Daves always really rude，which is why people tend to avoid him(and this is why people tend to avoid him)戴夫总是很粗鲁，所以人们总是躲着他。As I said earlier(And I said this earlier)，this research has just started.正如我之前说过的，这项研究才刚刚开始。温馨提示aswhich语义的

9、区别当主句和从句语义一致时当主句和从句语义转折不一致时位置的区别句首或句中句中含义的区别有“正如”的含义没有此含义(1)在限制性定语从句中，如果先行词作宾语，引导词可以省略，但引导非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省略，且关系代词whom不能用who替换。例如：Hes the guy(who/whom/that)I was talking about.他就是我说的那个人。I spent two hours talking to Kaz，whom Id met only once before.我和卡兹谈了两个小时，我和她以前只见过一次面。(2)关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句

10、，先行词是“原因”，关系词在定语从句中作原因状语的非限制性定语从句中用for which而不能用why。例如：No one knows the real reason，for which he was put into prison.他为什么进了监狱，没人知道真正的原因。二、非限制性定语从句的应用场合当关系代词作复合介词的宾语时。He had his right leg broken in playing football，because of which he couldnt attend school.他在踢足球时伤了右腿，因为这而不能上学。当关系代词作of的宾语，且of前有数词、代词或名

11、词时。I have three foreign teachers，two of whom are from Canada.我有三位外籍教师，其中两位来自加拿大。当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属时。My sister，who works in Shanghai，sends me an e mail almost every day.我姐姐在上海工作，她几乎每天都给我发电子邮件。(我只有一个姐姐)。.完成句子1他开会时总保持沉默。He always_at the meeting.玛丽天天写日记。Mary_every day.2这房间有五米宽。The room_.我们测量了距离。We _3这种布手感很

12、软。This kind of cloth_他摸摸布看看它的质量。He_to see its quality.4她没多长时间就富了。She_within a short time.稻子生长在气候温暖的地区。Rice_5我妈妈尝了尝汤，露出了满意的微笑。My mother_and wore a satisfied smile.这药有苦味。The medicine_答案：1.keeps silent；keeps a diary2.measures five metres across；measured the distance3.feels very soft；felt the cloth4.gre

13、w rich；grows in warm areas5.tasted the soup；tastes bitter.根据句意，用适当的关系代词与关系副词填空1Charles Smith，_was my former teacher，retired last year.2China is a country_has a large population.3This story，_I have told you three times，is very touching.4They always like to talk about the persons and the things_they s

14、ee on the road.5They rushed over to help the man_car had broken down.6There are occasions_one must yield.7This is the reason_he refused to attend our party.8_we know，smoking is harmful to our health.9He seems not to have grasped what I meant，_greatly upsets me.10I have got into the same trouble_he (

15、has)答案：1.who2.which/that3.which4.that5.whose6when/on which7.why/for which8.As9.which10As,学生用书P51)如何写说明文写法指导一、说明文的写作步骤说明文的出题形式为文字提示或图表，文体有报道、投稿、书信等。写作步骤如下：第一步：审题，确定主题句、主体时态(一般以现在时态为主)和中心人称；第二步：在主题句后按提示顺序将各个要点以完整的句子表达出来；第三步：用过渡词将上下文的逻辑关系体现出来。使用过渡性词必须根据上下文需要的原则，力求自然，决不可牵强附会，让人感觉别扭；第四步：归纳结尾，对文章的主题作归纳总结，

16、往往与开头部分前后呼应，从而使文章的结构趋于完整。二、说明文的写作类型1人物介绍简要地介绍某个人的情况，叫作人物介绍。随着社会的发展，人们对信息的输出和输入愈来愈重视。在学习、工作和生活中，常要介绍自己、推销自己或宣传他人，都要作人物介绍。写人物介绍，首先要全面了解这个人，然后根据目的需要选取内容，简明扼要而且突出重点地介绍，力求真实准确，恰如其分。人物介绍一般包括以下几点：(1)出生年月(2)主要经历(3)事迹成就(4)影响、评价叙述方法：一般按照时间顺序，从外表到性格，从一般经历到创造性的贡献，最后常有结论性的评语。2事物、地点介绍当我们对某个事物的性质、状态、特点、成因、功能和用途等作介

17、绍时，当我们把某一地点介绍给别人时，写出来的文字材料就叫做事物、地点介绍。对于地点的介绍，常采用地点的空间方位作为介绍的顺序。它能把复杂的地理位置通过分层说明详尽而有条理地解说清楚，给读者一个具体清晰的印象。根据说明地点的结构特点，介绍顺序一般有定位观察顺序和移位观察顺序。(1)定位观察顺序先确定一个固定的观察点，然后或上或下，或左或右，或远或近，按合理的顺序，从不同的方位、角度介绍说明地点。(2)移位观察顺序一般按作者的浏览顺序，依次设立一个个观察点，逐步逐层对介绍的地点进行介绍。常用句式1It is located/situated in.2It lies between.and.3In

18、front of it is.，with.4On its left and.，on its right.5Turning to the left，you will see.6Walking past.，the building that appears in front of you is.7Opposite to the.stands.8The door on your left leads you to.写作要求假设有外国友人到你校参观后准备去旅游。请根据要点向他们简单介绍万泉河(Wanquan River)。1万泉河是海南岛第三长河，发源于五指山(the Fivefinger Mount

19、ain)，全长163公里，流入南海。2是海南著名的旅游胜地，每年有大批中外游客前去旅游观光。3乘汽车去大约要花半个小时；也可以走路或骑自行车去。4可以在河上泛舟戏水，欣赏两岸秀丽的风光。注意：1.词数：100左右；2请不要逐字翻译。 审题谋篇项目结论体裁说明文话题万泉河时态一般现在时人称第三人称词句推敲1词汇第三长河_参观 _远离 _步行 _划船 _答案：the third longest riverpay a visit tofar fromon footgo boating2句式万泉河全长163公里，是海南的第三长河。一般表达：Wanquan River is 163 kilometres

20、 and is the third longest river in Hainan.高级表达：(用which定语从句改写句子)_乘汽车你需要花费大约半个小时到达那里。一般表达：You will spend about half an hour getting there by bus.高级表达：(用It takes.句型改写句子)_答案：Wanquan River，which is 163 kilometres，is the third longest river in Hainan.It takes you about half an hour to get there by bus.妙笔成

21、篇_One possible version：Wanquan River, which is 163 kilometres，is the third longest river in Hainan.It begins in the Fivefinger Mountain and enters the South China Sea.It is so famous that every year thousands of Chinese and foreign friends pay a visit to it.Its not far from here.It takes you about h

22、alf an hour to get there by bus.You can also go there on foot or by bike.While you are visiting the river，you can go boating on the clear water and enjoy the beautiful view along the banks.Its really a nice place and well worth visiting.,学生用书单独成册)课时作业8(A卷).品句填词1The house that he is living in_ (belon

23、g) to my father.2This computer _ (cost) 2，000 dollars.Is it expensive?3These apples_ (taste) delicious and I have eaten five of them.4Look at the kite! How high it _ (fly)!5The president _ (arrive) at the airport at five oclock yesterday.6_ is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.7This is the room_

24、 my grandmother used to live.8China has hundreds of islands, the largest of _ is Taiwan.9The old man has two daughters, both of _ work as doctors.10The expected results for _ he had worked hard seemed hopeless to him.答案：1.belongs2.cost3.taste4.is flying5.arrived6As7.where8.which9.whom10.which.阅读理解AI

25、n 1997，a group of twenty British women made history.Working in five teams with four women in each team，they walked to the North Pole.Apart from one experienced female guide，the other women were all ordinary people who had never done anything like this in their lives before.They managed to survive in

26、 an environment which had defeated several very experienced men during the same period.The women set off as soon as they were ready.Once on the ice，each woman had to ski along while dragging a sledge(雪橇)weighting over 50 kilos.This would not have been too bad on a smooth surface，but for long distances，the Arctic ice is pushed up into huge piles two or three meters high，and the sledges had to be pulled up one side and carefully let down the other so that they didnt become damaged.The temperature was always below the