1、英语发音及拼写英语语音语调音素是音的最小单位,英语共有48个音素,其中元音音素20个,辅音音素28个。元音(vowels):发音时气流从肺部泄出,不受任何阻碍,在鼻腔和口腔中畅通无阻不带任何摩擦,这样发出的音叫元音。辅音(consonants):气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到某种阻碍发出的音叫辅音;辅音有清辅音和浊辅音之分。 英语元音有20个单元音有12个, 按发音时舌头前、中、后哪一部分抬得最高可分为:前元音 /i:/ see /i/ big /e/ egg / bag中元音 / about /:/ word / bus后元音 /a:/ ask / want /:/ short /u/ good
2、/u:/ fruit双元音有8个 /ai/ time /ei/ name /au/ house /u/ home /i / boy /i/ deer / air /u/ our英语中有28个辅音.1. 爆破音: 发音时气流在口腔某处受到阻碍,然后气流冲出阻碍,爆破生音. /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ 注意: a. /p/和/b/, /t/和/d/, /k/和/g/ 互为清辅音和浊辅音. b. 在/s/后面, /p/ /t/ /k/发音时不送气. Eg: sport, star, sky2. 摩擦音: 发音时气流在口腔中部分受阻, 持续通过口腔形成缝隙的部位,摩擦生音. /f/
3、 /v/ / / /s/ /z/ / / /h/ /r/注意: /f/ 和/v/, /和 /, /s/和/z/, /和/互为清辅音和浊辅音.3. 破擦音: /t/ /d/ /tr/ /dr/ /ts/ /dz/4. 鼻腔音: 发音时口腔通道完全阻塞, 气流从鼻腔出来. /m/ /n/ / 5. 半元音: /j/ /w/ 6. 舌边音: 发音时舌尖抵上齿龈, 气流从舌一侧或两侧逸出. /l/元音:前元音 i: i e 辅音:爆破音 p b t d k g 朗读下列音标:pig pig pen pen bee bi: bad bd tell teltea ti: did did deep di:p
4、 week wi:k keepki:p bag bg give giv getget元音:中元音 : 辅音:摩擦音 f s h v z r 朗读下列音标: better bet shirt :t cupkp five faiv sleep sli:p thin in thirty:ti ship ip shiftift havehv hathtvery veri love lv zero ziru musicmju:zikthis is the closuerklu pleasureplerunrn ruleru:l元音:后元音 a: : u u: 发音时,其唇型是由近乎全合到近乎全开;其舌位
5、依次降低。 辅音:破擦音 t tr dr ts dz朗读下列音标:fast fa:st hard ha:d locklk shott short:t morem: foot fut bookbukschool sku:l you ju: teacherti: t muchmt largela: juststtreetri: country kntri dreamdri:m dry draiarts a:ts sportssp:ts goodsguds woodswuds元音:双元音ei ai i u au辅音:鼻辅音 m n 朗读下列音标:paperpeip ableeibl mymai ey
6、eai noiseniz want wnt homehum nose nuz flower flau mousemaus movemu:v morem: nicenais needni:dsingsi thinkik 元音: 双元音 /i/ / /u/ 辅音:舌边音 l 半元音:j w 朗读下列音标:hear hi deardi air bear btour tu sureulive liv schoolsku:l yesjes yearjiwomenwimin wolfwulf容易混淆的元音e 和 bed / bad; men / man; pen / pan; lend / land i:
7、 和 ei real / rail; greet / great; mean / main; read / raid e 和 ai bet / bite; red / write; said / side; head / hide au和 : now / nor; house / horse loud / lord south / sauce 容易混淆的辅音 v和w vet / wet; vest / west; vine / wine; very / well s和 sink / think sort / thought miss / myth mass / math z和 bays / b
8、athe breeze / breathe closing /clothing; n和 thin / thing sin / sing win /wing ran / rang 音节:元音与辅音结合起来构成比音素更大的语音单位,这就是音节。 Eg: ease/i:z/ easy/i:zi/ uneasy/ni:zi/。有些较响亮的辅音/l/ /m/ /n/ /等,在后面没有元音的情况下,也能和前面的辅音构成一个音节,如bottle/btl/等。音节是节奏的基本单位。 开音节: a) 以辅音 + 元音 + 不发音的e结尾。例如:name, bike, nose。 b) 以辅音 +发音的元音字母(
9、a. e. i. o. u)结尾。例如:he, go, hi。 闭音节:以辅音字母(a. e. i. o. u之外的)结尾。例如:bad, bed, sit, hot, cup. 重读音节:在双音节和多音节词中,一般有一个音节读得重些、清楚些,这个音节叫做重读音节,其他读得较清而弱的音节叫做非重读音节。重读音节在音标中用符号标明,标在音节的左上方。例如:pl, bet,ju:niv:siti。 句子重音:句子是由单词组成的。一般来说,句子中的实词(如:名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词等)都需要重读;有时根据句子要表达的意思,需要特别强调的部分往往也需要重读。也就是说,句子重音可能是句子的每个部分
10、。 例如:I cant finish this job. 在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,就要自然地将辅音和元音相拼,构成一个音节,这就是连读。如: ImanEnglish boy. Let me havea lookatit. Theyre my fatherand mother. Nice to meetyou. Wouldyou likea cupof tea? Couldyou help me, please? 英语中的爆破音: /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ 失去爆破: 有时发爆破音时, 气
11、流不必冲破阻碍,只是稍做停顿. Eg: baske(t)ball, goo(d) boya. 爆破音+爆破音Eg: He has a bad cold today. You should take care of the children. b. 爆破音+/t/或/Eg: Have you read the book about that child? The third chair is broken. c. 爆破音+/m/,/n/,/l/,/s/Eg: Good morning, sir. Good night. They are very friendly to us. 英语中常常会把某
12、些音省略。其中一个最重要的省略现象就是失去爆破。失去爆破总结起来相当复杂,但在实际运用中要简单得多。简单说失去爆破就是当一个爆破辅音后面直接跟着另外一个辅音时,这个爆破辅音就会失去爆破或不完全爆破,以节省气力。也就是说,如果一个爆破辅音后面跟了一个元音,那么这个辅音就会跟这个元音拼读,但如果后面跟了个辅音,则失去爆破。阅读下列单词,比较失去爆破和不失去爆破的区别:blackboard, post-card, September, doctor, stop talking, hard times, waste time, that policeman, good boy, good job 爆破
13、音(/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/) 后面直接跟另外一个爆破音,破擦音/t/, / d)/,或鼻辅音/m/, /n/时爆破音则会失去爆破,即做出要爆破的动作,形成闭塞但不爆破出来。例如:act two, good picture, a short night。 如果爆破音(/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/) 后面直接跟的是摩擦音/f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /W/, /T/, /F/, /V/时这个爆破音会有很轻微的爆破,即不完全爆破。例如:breakfast, advice, exciting, help this man, lif
14、t the veil。 在一些常见单词中,在非重读章节上的一些音常常会被省略。例如:history, interesting, handkerchief, castle。 在标准的美国英语中,/h/前如果有别的辅音,/h/也常常被省略。例如:yoghurt, tell her, like him。 话语节奏:重读音节和非重读音节交替出现的现象。英语的节奏规律是以重音定时的,即重读音节彼此距离相等。Eg: bread and milk (O o O) 和 some bread and some milk (o O o o O),两者的重读音节数相同,因此朗读两者的时间大致相等。语调(intona
15、tion),即说话的腔调,就是一句话里通过声调高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化,表达出说话人的态度或口气。英语有五种基本语调:升调()、降调()、升降调()、降升调()以及平调()。 例如:A:Jean,can you bring me the newspaper? B:Sorry? 用升调说“Sorry”,其意思是“I didnt hear youCould you say that again?” 用降调说“Sorry”,显然其意思是拒绝帮助或无能为力。 英语拼写发音规律字母情况发音例词a在开音节中einame plane Jane baby cake在闭音节中bag dad hat map bl
16、ack backe在开音节中i:he these me Chinese在闭音节中ebed let pen desk yes egg i在开音节中aibike fly drive time nice kite在闭音节中ifish big drink sit milk swimo在开音节中uthose close go hoe home no在闭音节中clock not box shop socku在开音节中ju:student excuse duty Tuesday在闭音节中up bus cup jump much lunch字母情况发音例词aChina another woman breakf
17、astiorange comrade village cabbageehundred student open momentichicken pocket begin childreni/iholiday beautiful family animalaiexercise satelliteosecond tonight somebody welcomeualso zero photouautumn difficultju(:)popular 读 音例 词a在w音后面want what watch wash qualitya在f n sk ph sp ss st th前a:after plan
18、t graph ask grasp glass fast fatheri在-nd -ld和gh前aifind child light higho在-st -ld前oumost postcard old coldo在m n v th前come monkey love motherara:car farm dark sharpenerar在w音后面:warm quarter towardsor:forty morning shortor在w音后面:word worker worseer ir ur:herarecare dare hareereihere mereireaifire hire wi
19、re ore:more score beforeurejuai/ayeiafraid rain wait day playairair hair chair pair repairal:small ball talk wall all:l always also salt almostal在f m前a:half calmau/aw:autumn daughter draweai:teach easy cheap pleaseeheavy bread sweater weathereibreak greatearihear dear near clear yearbear pear wear s
20、wear:earth learn earlyeei:jeep week green threeeeripioneer deer beerei/eyeieight neighbour theyeu/ewju:new few newspapereu/ew在 j l r 后u:flew brew jewelryie/s音后拼写为eii:piece field receive seizeoaoucoat Joan boat goaloar/oor:roar board door flooroi/oyinoise point boy toiletoou:broom food tooth schoolub
21、ook look cook foot goodowauflower house count downuknow row throw thoughouyoung country enoughu:group you soup throughour:course your fourauour hour ours:journeyuiju:ifluid suicide tuitionui 在j l r s后u:juice fruit suitbbbike bus bag/bomb tomb lamb climbckcake picture coat musicc在e前或在i/y前sface decide
22、 cinemachmuch chick rich teacherkschool headache chemistrymachine Chicago-ckkcock pocket black knockdddoctor bread hand day -dgebridge fridgedr-drchildren driver drinkfffive four breakfastggbag gardon go g在e i/y前orange large German -ghfcough enough roughgh-gsorghum spaghetti ghostgu- -guegguess leag
23、ue dialogue guitargwlanguage anguish penguinhhhot head house hand/hour honest honorjjeep jar joke join Julykkkind bike skate make weekkn-nknife know knocklllife milk school tallmmmonkey come tomato-mnmautumn column solemnnnnot shine ten note n在k g音前uncle thank hungry-ngmorning young wrongpppaper pla
24、ne pig ship penphfelephant photo telephone-q/-quekIraq cheque qu-kwquality quite quarter rrred rubber rulers在音节开头或清辅音前ssit sleep desks在元音字母间或浊辅音前zmusic husbandsc-skscarlet scout Scotlandsmuscle scienceshshe fish shirt washt在通常情况下tten letter meett在弱读字母ia ie io前patient nationtchwatch catch matchth在通常情
25、况下thin thirty method在冠词 代词 介词 连词中the these with than在词尾-the -ther中clothe father weathertr-trtree train country truckvvvery voice love leavewwweek win wake sweet wait/answer twowh-wwhat when white whywh-在字母o前hwho whose wholexksbox text exercisex在重读元音前gzexample exist exactwr-rwrite wrong wrist y-jyes yard yellow youngzz
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