英文论文写作中常用的技巧.docx

1、英文论文写作中常用的技巧英文论文写作中常用的技巧a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性 通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如 However, little information. few investigations. little attention. few researchers. little work. or few attempts. or none of these studieslittle data little research has (have) been less done on / focused on/ attem

2、pted to/ conducted/ investigated/ studied.(with respect to) Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected /to overestimated( underestimated) / misleadedthus, these previus results are inconclusive/misleading/ unsatisfactory/ questionable/contr

3、oversial.Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist . 这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：However, data is still scarce rare/ less accurate/ there is still dearth ofWe need to / aim to/ have to/ provide more documents data (records, studies)/ increase the datasetFurther studies

4、are still necessary( essential).为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等比如： 1)时间问题 如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足 2)物性及研究手段问题 如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。 3)研究区域问题 首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这一区域研究不足 4)不确定性 虽然前人对这一问题研究很多，但是目前有两种或者更

5、多种的观点，这种uncertanties, ambiguities，值得进一步澄清 5)提出自己的假设来验证 如果自己的研究完全是新的，没有前人的工作进行对比，在这种情况下，你可以自信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果。 We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the . It is hoped that the qutestion will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).b) 提出自己的观点 We aim to Thi

6、s paper reports on/ provides results/ extends the method/ focus on The purpose of this paper is to Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss. c) 圈定自己的研究范围 前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑 某种可能性,某种研究手段等等.为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围： 1)时间尺度问题 如果你的问

7、题涉及比较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。 We preliminarily focus on the older (younger). 或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term)，你可以说 两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种 .2) 研究区域的问题 和时间问题一样，明确提出你只关心这一地区 d) 最后的原场 在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出，这一研究对其它研究的帮助。或者说，further studies on . will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere) 总之，其目的就

8、是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论(arguments). 关于词汇以及常用结构，要经常总结，多读多模仿才能融会贯通。 怎样提出观点 在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要.不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。 1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用 We confirm that. 2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用 We believe that. 3)在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论，用， Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that. 4) 在及其特别的情况才可以用We put forward (disc

9、over, observe.) . for the first time. 来强调自己的创新。 5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward (interrprete this to.) Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed to rsulted from. Or This is probably a consequence of It seems that . can account for (interpret) this. Or It is pisible that i

10、t stem from. 要注意这些结构要合理搭配。如果通篇是类型1)和5)， 那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。如果全是2)，肯定会遭到 置疑。所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。 连接词与逻辑 写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决 的方法有： 1)句子上下要有连贯，不能让句子之间独立 常见的连接词语有, However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortuna

11、tely, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with other results, thus, therefore. 用好这些连接词，能够使观点表达得有层次，更加明确。比如，如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献，最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time. 接下来，可用Then BB further demonstrated that. 再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC. 如果还有，可用More recent studies b

12、y DD. 如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开 AA pput forward that. In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary (表明前面的观点错误，如果只是表明 两种对立的观点，用in contrast)， BB. 如果两种观点相近,可用 AA suggest , Similarily, alternatively, BB. Or Also, BB or BB allso does . 表示因果或者前后关系，可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result, 表明

13、递进关系，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition, 当写完一段英文，最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。 2) 段落的整体逻辑 经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意逻辑结构。 首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份 .Therefore, there are three aspects of this problen have to be addressed. The first questuon involves. The second problem relates to The thrid aspect d

14、eals with. 上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。 Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third.Finally,. 当然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。 3) 讨论部份的整体结构 小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明的部份可以放在最后一个片段。 一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外，一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份，一部份提出观点，另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解 文章的主要观点

15、，比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子，而这一 部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。为了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念时，最好加以个括弧，给出 较为详细的解释。 如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决 1) 在文章最好加上个Appendix，把所有Abreviation列表 2) 在不同的页面上，不时地给出Abbreciation的含义，用来提醒读者。 总之，写文章的目的是要让读者读懂，读得清晰，并且采取各种 措施方便于读者。 一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。这是前人工作最起码的尊重，英文叫做给别人的工作credits. 所以文章不要出现非常n

16、egative的评价，比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc. 遇到这类情况，可以婉转地提出： Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation. Their results could be better convinced if they . Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties. 讨论部份还包括什么内容? 1. 主要数据特征的总结

17、 2. 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比 3. 本文的不足 第三点，在一般作者看来不可取。事实上给出文章的不足恰恰 是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，觉得别人看不出来，是非常不明智的。 所谓不足，包括以下内容: 1. 研究的问题有点片面 讨论时一定要说， It should be noted that this study has examined only. We concentrate (focus) on only. We have to point out that we do not. Some limitations of this study are. 2. 结论有些

18、不足 The results do not imply, The results can not be used to determine be taken as evidence of Unfortunately, we can not determien this from this data Our results are lack of . 但是，在指出这些不足之后，随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步 研究打下浮笔。 Notwithstading its limitation, this tudy does suggest. How

19、ever, these problems culd be solved if we consdier Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate. 用中文来说，这一部份是左右逢源。把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代，同时表明你已经在思考这些问题，但是由于文章长度，试验进度或者试验手段的制约，暂时不能回答这些问题。但是，这些通过你的一些建议，这些问题在将来的研究中游可能实现。英语学术论文常用经典句型 (1)Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2

20、. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the pro

21、blem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possib

22、ility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presente

23、d in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the . is given.4. In the next section, a short review of . is given with special regard to .5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the

24、difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background o

25、f the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often . can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the .7

26、. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the . and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy

27、formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Sectio

28、n 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.

29、Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model . 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an exa

30、mple.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole modelof human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a . scheme must satisfy

31、.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical studycurrently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments.This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environme