职称英语理工C教材文章五篇教材概括大意与完成句子习题答案与解析.docx

1、职称英语理工C教材文章五篇教材概括大意与完成句子习题答案与解析第一篇 More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing1Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.2Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that

2、people who clock up19 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a nightPeople who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed aft

3、er a nights sleep than 8-hour sleepers.23These findings, which DrDaniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine3, demonstrate that people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside4more than 8 hours a nightHe added that “it might be a good idea” for people who sleep m

4、ore than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.4Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep le

5、ss than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.5For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any

6、 sleep problemsSleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to- day functioning5.6Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report e

7、xperiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hoursIn an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bedAs evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed“It stands to reason6that if a

8、person spends too long a time in bed, then theyll spend a higher percentage of time awake,” he said.词汇：refresh / rfre/v（使）精力恢复questionnaire / ,kwestne(r)/n问卷psychosomatic / ,saksmtk /adj（指疾病）由精神压力引起的fatigue / fti:g /n疲劳 caution / k:n/v警告insomnia / nsmn/n失眠 habitually / hbtjl, - t-/adv习惯地注释：1clock up

9、：时间达到2they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a nights sleep than 8-hour sleepers：falling和feeling都是说明trouble的。全句可译为：与8小时睡眠者相比，他们在入睡和经过一夜睡眠恢复精力方面有更多的麻烦。3Psychosomatic Medicine：心身医学（医学杂志名）4set aside：留出5having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning：感到疲乏影响日常工作。6stand to r

10、eason：是当然的，是合情合理的练习：1Paragraph 2 _2Paragraph 4 _3Paragraph 5 _4Paragraph 6 _AKripkes Research ToolBDangers of Habitual Shortages of SleepCCriticism on Kripkes ReportDA Way of Overcoming InsomniaESleep Problem of Long and Short SleepersFClassification of Sleep Problems5To get a good nights rest, peop

11、le may not need to _.6Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to _.7One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to _.8One survey showed that people who habitually _ each night have a higher risk of dying.Afall asleep againBbecome more energetic the following dayCsleep

12、 less than 7 hoursDconfirm those serious consequencesEsuffer sleep problemsFsleep more than 8 hours1E第二段列举了睡眠时间多于或少于8小时而带来的多种sleep problems。2B第四段阐述了长期睡眠不足所带来的严重后果。3A第五段介绍了Kripke的调查工具（tool）。他用的是有关睡眠的问卷。问卷包括两大内容：睡眠时间及睡眠困扰问题。4D第六段最后两句是：“. one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed.”和“It stan

13、ds to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then theyll spend a higher percentage of time awake.”这是选择D的依据。5F选择F的依据是第三段第一句。原文是：“. people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night.”6E选择E的依据是第六段第一句。原文是：“. people who slept between 9 and 10 ho

14、urs each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. ”7A本题答案的依据是第五段第二句：“Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep .”8C本题答案的依据是第四段：“. one report demonstrated that p

15、eople who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.”一、每晚只需8个小时，睡眼过多非益事睡眠不足带来的危害已经广为人知，而一项新的研究表明睡眠过多同样会产生不良后果。圣地亚哥加利福尼亚大学的研究人员发现在入睡、保持睡眠等方面，每晚睡9或10个小时的人比睡8个小时的人存在更多问题。与8小时睡眠者相比，每晚仅睡7个小时的人则表示，他们在入睡及经过一夜睡眠后精力恢复方面有更多的麻烦。Da

16、nielKripke博士在心身医学杂志上报告的这些新发现表明，人们如果想晚上休息好，每天留给睡眠的时间只需8个小时。他补充说，对于那些每晚睡8个小时以上的人们来说，考虑减少在床上度过的时间也许是个好主意。不过他又提醒说这还需要进一步的研究证实。以往的研究证明了长期睡眠缺乏的潜在危机。有报告显示，睡眠经常少于7个小时的人比睡眠充足者，在特定时期内死亡的概率更高。而在目前这份报告中，Kripke考评了一份1004名成年人参与反馈的睡眠调查问卷。问卷内容涉及每周睡眠时间和各种可能的睡眠，问题，包括半夜惊醒、清晨早醒、无法重新入睡，以及白天疲劳影响日常工作等。Kripke发现每晚睡9-10个小时的人比

17、睡8个小时的人更容易出现各类睡眠问题。在一次访谈中，Kripke注意到睡眠时间长的人夜间可能难以人眠，正是因为他们睡得太多了。因此他补充说，治疗失眠最好的一种方法就是少睡点。在床上花的时间过长，醒着的时间就会更多，这是理所当然的。第二篇： Soot and Snow: A Hot Combination1New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, bl

18、ack soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.2Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the suns energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while ligh

19、ter colored ice reflects sunlight.3Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. “This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers

20、 and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier, said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASAs Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.4Hansen found soots effect on snow albedo（solar energy reflected back to space），which1may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hem

21、isphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.5“Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were

22、no black carbon2，” Hansen said. Soots increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the worlds climate. “This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global wanning as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude, Hansen noted.6Hansen cautioned, although the

23、 role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.3Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest4of this century.7The researchers found that observed warm

24、ing in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover5and sufficient sunlight.词汇soot

25、 / st /n煤烟，煤灰 emission / mn/n释放，散发，排放 simulation / ,smjlen/n模拟 latitude / lttju:d /n纬度 glacier / gls(r) /n冰川，冰河 albedo / lbi:d/n反照率 permafrost / p:mfrst/n永冻层 forcing / f:s/n温室作用 dioxide / dakad /n二氧化物 magnitude / mgntju:d /n量，大小注释：1which指代albedo。2thus heating the snow surface more than if there were

26、 no black carbon：相当于thus heating the snow surface more than（heating the snow surface）if there were no black carbon。3. the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century：“that greenhouse gases . during the past century”是同位语从句，表达fact的内容。4the rest：剩余部分 5snow

27、 cover：雪的覆盖层练习：1Paragraph 3 _2Paragraph 4 _3Paragraph 6 _ 4Paragraph 7 _ASoots Role in Changes in the Climate and the AtmosphereBObservations of Warming in the Northern HemisphereCExplanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by SootDEffort to Reduce Snow AlbedoEWays to Reduce Soot EmissionFGreenho

28、use Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming5In the twentieth century, soot _.6Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases _.7Black soot covered snow and ice _.8A soot forcing is unusually effective, which _.Aproduces much more global wanning than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitudeBcontinue

29、d to 25 percent of observed global warmingCcan produce greenhouse gasesDabsorb more of suns energy and warmth than white backgroundEstill surpass soot in warming the worlds climate during the last centryFcan be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere1C第三段解释了为什么soot会增加地球升温效应。2A第四段介绍了soot在两方面起的作用：（1）so

30、ot增加了雪吸收太阳能量和热量的能力；（2）soot导致海洋和陆地上空的大气层发生变化。3F第六段的关键句子是：“. greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.”4B第七段介绍了在研究北半球的纬度、雪覆盖面和日照诸因素与气温升高之间的关系方面取得的成果。5B选择B的依据是第一段。有关的句子是：“. black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past cen

31、tury.”选项B中用了过去式contributed，也是选B的一个线索，因为第五题的题干中有in the twentieth century，这个时间状语要求谓语动词用过去式，而4个选项中只有B项的动词用的是过去式。6EHansen cautioned和greenhouse gases仅出现在第六段。该段的大意是：虽然煤烟在改变全球气候方面所起的作用相当显著，但是上个世纪气温上升的主要因素还是温室气体。选项E概括了第六段的意思。7D本题答案的依据是第二段第一句。8A本题答案的依据是第五段的下列句子：Soots increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the worlds climate. “This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as