1、第二章 形容词第二章 形容词形容词即strong, attractive 等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分第一节 形容词修饰名词形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL 改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等例题:(1)The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival.A B C
2、D答案:C应改为:certain.解释:certainty 是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些(2)Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities.A B C D答案:C应改为:visual.解释:vision 是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词满分网托福语法13注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话:The man was awake.There was an awake man. (此句错
3、误, awake 不能做定语)这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable例题:(1)Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by meansA B Cof on-the-spot, alive reports.D答案: D应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的)解释:alive 不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道)(2)Alike et
4、hnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they alsoA B Cgather data from documentary and oral sources.D答案: A应改为:like解释:alike 不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL 改错中常考的考点注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉.如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents 等,注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序
5、也是TOEFL 考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题,一般来说:这个排序的规则是:冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your 等)/指示代词(this, that 等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词如: two young American studentsmy three red pencils第二节 比较级英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式:在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier
6、, big-bigger 等;或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex 等少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less,far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的),考点一 含有标志词than1最常见的比较级句式是由连词than 引导比较的对象,如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train.She possesses more books than I do
7、.He is more intelligent than I expected.than 可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中,满分网托福语法14空后含有than 的, 通常空格处需要填比较级,空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than 引导的从句。例题:(1)Maine has - weather than most of the other states in the continental United States.(A) coolest(B) the coolest(C) cooler(D) the cooler答案:A解释:标志词than 意味着应用比较级,A, B 可先排除;D 多
8、the; 只有A 正确(2)Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has.A B C D答案:A应改为:more解释:标志词than 表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级2为避免重复,than 之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来:情况1: 用指示代词that, those 来代替省略的部分,如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain.(that 指代the populat
9、ion)His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues.(those 指代 designs)情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than 之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do 来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语)如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who mayprobably contribute more to the success of a pl
10、ay.例题:Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain - other animals.(A) than do(B) that are having(C) which have(D) that do答案:A解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than 连接,选项中只有A 符合条件,其中由助动词do 引起了一个小倒装考点二 (not) so /asas比较级特殊句式(not)so/asas 表示“如同一样、不如”等意思,其结构和than 句式相仿,但asas 之间的形容词必须用原形,而且asas 必须搭配使用,如:It is
11、 as good as it looks.The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described.填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。例题:满分网托福语法15(1)The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as -.(A) possibly little nourishment(B) nourishment possibly little(C) little as possible nourishm
12、ent(D) little nourishment as possible答案:D解释:空格处需要动词have 的宾语,同时包含asas 句式,A、B 都缺少与as 搭配的结构,C 语序有误,均可排除。D 中asas possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”.(2)There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire - 400,000 B.C.(A) so early(B) the earliest(C) as early as(D) so early that答案:C解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C 符合题意
13、,用的是比较级特殊句式as.as考点三 the sameas此句式也常用来表示“和一样”,the same 和as 既可连用,也可分开使用,如:She looks just the same as before.I got the same feeling as you did.改错题中常将此句式误用为the samelike /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来例题:(1)Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies,A B Cshorter tails, and longe
14、r bills.D答案:B应改为:as.解释:the same as 是固定搭配, 表示“与一样”(2)Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types ofA Bperishable goods in Toronto like in New York City.C D答案:D应改为:as解释:与the same 相搭配的只有as, like 不行考点四 the more,the more此句式常表示“越越”,more 在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,
15、而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略,如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt.The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot.填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more 结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more 句式满分网托福语法16例题:(1)The greater the population there is in a locality, -for water, transportation, and disposalof refuse.
16、(A) the greater the need there is(B) greater need(C) is there great need(D) the great need答案:A解释:这是典型的 “the more,the more” 句式, 意为 “越, 越” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If thereis greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water,
17、 transportation, anddisposal of refuse.(2)The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, - to the body.(A) the stress it is greater(B) greater is the stress(C) greater stress is(D) the greater the stress答案:D解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more., the more., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的
18、可省略,符合要求的只有D考点五 no longer /notany longerno longer /notany longer 和no more/notany more 都表示“不再”,如:He no longer smokes. / He doesnt smoke any longer.注意no longer /notany longer 不要混用,no more /notany more 同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。例题:(1)Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radioA Bc
19、ontinues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level.C D答案:A应改为:no longer.解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not.any longer,此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties anylonger第三节 最高级考点一 最高级的形式一、英文中表示最的概念时,形容词要变为最高级,其形式主要有两种:在词尾加
20、-est (单音节形容词), 如:low-lowest, late-latest, lucky-luckiest, fit-fittest;满分网托福语法17或在词之前加most (多音节形容词), 如:most important, most sensitive少数词最高级形式特殊,如:good(well)-best, bad(ill)-worst, many(much)-most, little-least, etc.TOEFL 经常会出现这样的搭配: most highest, 这是不对的,hightest 已经是最高级,前面当然不能在加most.例题:(1)The most easie
21、st process for mining gold is panning, which involves using a circularA Bdish with a small pocket at the bottom. D答案:A应改为:easiest.解释:easiest 本身已是最高级, most 纯属画蛇添足, 应去掉二、没有等级的形容词有些形容词本身就具有“比.年长”、“ 比.优越”等含义,因此也就没有比较级和最高级。比如:inferior, superior, senior, anterior。这些形容词往往和to 连用,而不和than 连用。有些形容词本身就具备“最、极”的含
22、义,所以就没有最高级和比较级。如:absolute(绝对的), unique(独一无二的), infinite(无限的), round(圆的), right(对的), correct(正确的), wrong(错误的), perfect(完美的),这类形容词往往被称为绝对形容词例题:Geoffrey Chaucer occupies a - place in English literature.(A) most unique(B) unique(C) least unique(D)very unique答案: B考点二 最高级前的限定词(1) 形容级做定语时, 最高级前通常要加定冠词the ,
23、如:the most important thing, the biggest elephant但当最高级前有物主代词时,不需加the, 如:my latest hobby, her most interesting experience(2) 形容词作表语时,最高级前通常不加限定词如:She looks happiest whenever you are around.Excuse me, but Im busiest at the moment.例题:(1)Of all the Native Americans in the United States, the Navajos form
24、largest group.A B C D答案: D应改为: form the largest解释: largest 是最高级, 作group 的定语, 之前必须加定冠词the考点三 范围词满分网托福语法18伴随最高级出现的往往有表示范围的词或短语,常用of 或among 或 in 引导, 表示“在.之中”。 如:of all, in the world, in the country 等, 在填空题的题干中包含表示范围的词时,空格处需填最高级例题:(1)The Appalachian Trail, extending approximately 2, 020 miles from Maine
25、 toA BGeorgia, is the longer continuous marked footpath in the world.C D答案:C应改为:longest.解释:本句有范围词in the world, 则定冠词the 之后应采用形容词最高级形式考点四 most 的其他用法对于most 来讲,除了构成某些词最高级外,most 的用法有几点需要注意,经常成为改错题的考点:1 当most 表示大多数时,之前不加the, 并且有两种形式来表示大多数,分别为:most + 名词,如:most people, most Indian tribes;most + of + 限定词 + 名
26、词或代词,如:most of his paintings,most of us, most of the modern artists2. most 有时意思等同于very, 此时most 之前用不定冠词,如:a most lovely girl, a most impressive proposal例题:(1)The most substances expand in volume when they are heated.A B C D答案:A应改为:Most解释:most 只有在表示形容词最高级作定语时需加定冠词,此句表示“大多数”,没必要加the.(2)The most often f
27、lour is made from wheat, but it may also be made from the seedsA B Cof other cereal plants.D答案:A应改为:most.解释:the most 一般出现在最高级中, 此句most often 为固定说法,意为经常词汇:cereal: 谷类的the end.第三章 副词副词和形容词有着千丝万缕的联系,相当比例的副词都是形容词加后缀-ly 构成的,但副词在句中的作用却与形容词有较大区别,需细心领会:副词最主要的功能是作状语,用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、甚至整个句子,这些都是形容词不可替代的作用,但切
28、记在TOEFL 题中不可修饰名词副词可大致分为时间副词(如:now, then, recently), 地点副词(如:here, upstairs, everywhere), 方式副词(如:carefully, rapidly, happily), 程度副词(如:much, quite, extremely), 疑问副词(如:how, when, where), 承接副词(如:besides, however, therefore)等等副词比较级和最高级的用法基本和形容词相同,形容词比较级的特殊句式同样适用于副词,稍有不同的是副词最高级前的the 可用可不用,不用时居多。副词比较级和最高级作为
29、考点的不多,但在题干中多次出现,可留心体会与形容词的区别和联系满分网托福语法19第一节 副词修饰动词修饰动词是副词的最主要作用之一,此处动词的含义包括谓语动词、不定式中的动词,被动式或进行时中的分词形式的动词例如:You cant possibly arrive there on time. (谓语动词)Its inconvenient to contact him directly. (不定式中的动词)Her composition is frequently referred to as original. (被动式)改错题中常误用形容词修饰动词,要注意识别例题:(1)In the Uni
30、ted States, sleds for recreation were first produced commercial in theA B C1870s or thereabouts.D答案:C应改为:commercially解释:形容词commercial 不能修饰谓语动词produce, 需改为副词(2)According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembledchimpanzees -, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.(A) facially(B) their faces(C) having facial(D) they had faces答案:A解释:resemble 一词是本句的谓语动词, 已有了宾语chimpanzees, 之后需要的只可能是用来补充说明的非谓语, B、D 可先排除; facial 是形容词, 不能作have 的宾语, 因此C 肯定不对; A 是副词, 恰好修饰动词作状语第二节 程度副词much 等程度副词much, still, far, a li
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