第11单元动词的时态.docx

1、第11单元动词的时态不第11单元 动词的时态时态是英语谓语动词通过自身的变化来表示动作发生时间和所处状态的一种形式。英语时间，可以分为现在时、过去时、将来时和过去将来时；行为方式分为一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。每一种“时间+方式”就构成一种时态，所以英语动词共有16 种时态。现以动词work为例，将16种时态的谓语动词形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般式workworksworkedshall workwill should workwould进行式amis workingarewas working were shall be workingwillshould bewo

2、rkingwould完成式hasworkedhavehad workedshall havewill workedshould haveworkedwould完成进行式have beenhas working had beenworkingshall have beenwill working should have beenwould working这些时态中常用的有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时以及过去将来时8种。初中英语课程标准中要求9年级学生应掌握的是前6种动词时态。一、一般现在时一般现在时表示经常发生或反复出现的动作、存在的状态或

3、习惯性的动作，不指特定的时间。1、一般现在时的构成一般现在时通常用动词的原形来表示。当主语是第三人称单数时，动词要用第三人称单数形式。现以work为例对一般现在时的肯定式、否定式、疑问式、及其简单回答，列表说明：肯定式否定式疑问式简单回答I workI do not workDo I work?Yes, you do.No, you dont.You workYou do not workDo you workYes, I do. No, I dont.He /She/It works. He/She /It does not workDoes he /she /it work?Yes, he

4、 /she/it does. No, he/she /it doesnt.We work.We do not work.Do we work?Yes, you do. No, you dont.You work.You do not work.Do you work?Yes, we do. No, we dont.They work.They do not work.Do they work?Yes, they do. No, they dont.2、动词第三人称单数形式的构成当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词需加-s或-es（见下表）：规则动词原形第三人称单数形式一般在词尾加-splaywor

5、kleaveswimplaysworksleavesswims以字母s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的词加-espass fixteachwishdopassesfixesteacheswishesdoes以辅音字母加y结尾的词，先变y为i，再加-esstudy carry flycrystudies carriesfliescries3、动词第三人称单数加-s或-es后的读音在清辅音p, k,t,f后读sstops jumps likes picks posts visits laughs coughs 在s z 之后读izpasses guesses rises refuses wish

6、es washes teaches watches changes manages 除以上两种读音外，其余的均读z4、一般现在时的用法表示经常的或习惯性的动作。常与often, always, sometimes, everyday, on Sundays/ Mondays等表示频度的时间状语连用。My father often gets up early in the morning. 我父亲早晨经常早起。He has breakfast at 7:00 every morning. 他每天早晨7点吃早饭。表示现在的状态。My father is at work. He is very bu

7、sy. 我父亲在工作，他很忙。The boy is twelve. 男孩儿12岁。表示主语具备的性格、能力和特征。I like listening to music. 我喜欢听音乐。They speak English very well. 他们英语说得非常好。This taxi driver knows the city of Beijing like the back of his hand.这位出租车司机对北京城了如指掌。表示客观事实和普遍真理。Two plus two is four. 2加2等于4The sun rises in the east and sets in the we

8、st. 太阳从东方起，从西方落下。表示计划、安排好的将来动作。The plane takes off at 11a.m.飞机上午11点起飞。We leave Beijing next month. 下个月我们离开北京。He comes back tonight. 他今晚回来。在时间状语从句和if引导的条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Ill write to you as soon as I get to shanghai. 我一到上海就给你写信。Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。If it doesnt rain tomorro

9、w, well go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。表示（书、信、报纸、通知、牌示、广播等）“说”、“报道”，用一般现在时，主要是动词say。The notice says, “No Parking”通知说：“不准停放车辆。”The radio says heavy rain in the afternoon. 广播预报下午有大雨。叙述过去的事情，有时也用一般现在时，以使其生动。Jeanne is sitting in the park. Mathilde walks towards her, and she stops and speakes to Jeanne.

10、珍妮在公园里坐着。玛蒂尔德向她走来，并停下来和珍妮谈话。二、一般过去时一般过去时表示过去经常或偶然发生的动作或存在的状态。一般过去时用动词的过去式。除连系动词be 的过去式有人称和数的变化外，其他动词的过去式无人称和数的变化。1、一般过去时的构成（以动词work为例）肯定式否定式疑问式简单回答I worked. I did not work.Did I work?Yes, you did.No, you didnt.You worked.You did not work.Did you work?Yes, I did. No, I didnt.He/she/it worked.He/she/i

11、t did not work.Did he /she/it work? Yes, he /she /it/did.No, he/she/it didnt.We worked.We did not work.Did we work?Yes, you did. No, you didntYou worked.You did not work.Did you work?Yes, we did. No, we didnt.They worked.They did not work.Did they work?Yes, they did.No. they didnt.2、动词过去式的构成（规则变化）构成

12、规则原形过去式一般在动词末尾加-edwork plant playWorked planted played以不发音e结尾的动词在末尾加-dlike live change liked lived changed末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-edplan stop dropplanned stopped dropped以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i，再加-edcarry study crycarried studied cried3、规则动词过去式词尾-ed的读音清辅音后面的-ed读t（t除外）stopped 停止 laughed 笑 asked 提问 hop

13、ed 希望 dressed 穿衣 marched 行军 watched 看 pushed 推 浊辅音及元音后面的-ed读dRubbed 擦 tried 试图，努力 lived 生活 BBS留言板a. prefer的过去式要先双写末尾辅音字母r再加-de; preferred.b. travel的过去式可双写l再加-ed; travelled（英国英语）；也可以直接加-ed; traveled（美国英语）。begged 请求 named 取名 agreed 同意 rained 下雨 moved 移动t, d后面加-ed通常读idunited 联合 heated 加热 ended 结束 neede

14、d 需要 wanted 想要 guided 指引以-ed结尾的过去分词作形容词用时通常读idaged 年老的 learned 有学问的 wicked 罪恶的 naked 裸体的原形过去式过去分词词义costcuthithurtletputreadcostcuthithurtletputreadredcostcuthithurtletputread red花费削、砍打击受伤让放读becomecomerunbecamecameranbecomecomerun成为来跑bringbuyfightthinkcatchteachbroughtboughtfoughtthoughtcaughttaughtb

15、roughtboughtfoughtthoughtcaughttaught带来买打架想抓住教buildlendsendspendlosesmellbuiltlentsentspentlostsmeltsmelledbuiltlentsentspentlostsmeltsmelled建筑借给送，寄花（钱、时间）丢失闻feelkeepsleepsweepleavemeetfeltkeptsleptsweptleftmetfeltkeptsleptsweptleftmet感觉保持睡觉扫离开遇见burnlearnmeanburnt, burnedlearnt, learnedmeant mentbur

16、nt, burnedlearnt, learnedmeant燃烧学会意思是selltellsoldtoldsoldtold卖告诉holdshinewingetstandunderstandheldshone, shinedwongotstoodunderstoodheldshone, shinedwongotstoodunderstood抓住、握住照耀，使光亮赢得到站理解、懂得dighanghave(has)hearmakepaydugHung, hangedhadheardmadepaiddughung , hangedhadheardmadepaid挖挂、绞死有听见制造付（钱）saysit

17、findsaidsedsatfoundsaidsatfound说坐发现am, isaredogowearlieseewasweredidwentworelaysawbeenbeendonegonewornlainseen是是做去穿着躺看见begindrinkringsingswimbegandrankrangsangswambegundrunkrungsungswum开始喝打电话 ，(铃)响唱游泳driveriseridewritedroveroserodewrotedrivenrisenriddenwritten驾驶升起骑（马、自行车）写blowgrowknowthrowflyblewgre

18、wknewthrewflewblowngrownknownthrownflown吹生长知道投郑飞drawshowdrewshoweddrawnshown画、拉出示breakspeakchoosetakemistakewakebrokespokechosetookmistookwakedbroken spoken chosen takenmistaken woken断， 打坏讲选择拿走弄错叫醒beateatfallgiveforgetbeatatefellgaveforgotbeateneatenfallengivenforgotten打吃落下给忘记4、一般过去时的用法表示过去某个特定时间发生的

19、动作或存在的状态。这时常与yesterday, last week, a moment ago, in1949等表示过去时间的状语连用。What did you have for breakfast this morning? 今天早饭吃的什么？I had two eggs and a glass of milk. 早饭吃了两个鸡蛋、一杯牛奶。The police stopped him on his way home last night. 昨晚在回家的路上警察拦住了他。My sister passed her examination because she studied very har

20、d.我妹妹通过考试，因为她学习非常努力。表示过去某一段时间内经常发生或习惯性的动作，这时常和often , always等表示频度的时间状语连用。Last term we often did experiments. 上学期我们经常做试验。He always went to work by bus. 他过去总是乘车上班。She gave her teacher presents every Christmas. 她每年都给老师送圣诞礼物。BBS留言板used to do “过去常常做”其否定式和疑问式有两种构成法。a.借助did，即:didnt use(d) to do.He didnt us

21、e(d) to do it, did he ?他过去不经常这么做是吗？Did you use to play football? 你过去经常踢足球吗？b.不用did，即: usednt to do.She usednt to make those mistakes. 她以前并不经常出那些错的。Used you to play football? 你过去经常踢足球吗？常用 “would +do” 也可表示过去经常反复发生的动作。We would turn to him for help when we were in trouble. 我们一遇麻烦，就向他请求帮助。在时间、条件状语从句中，表示一

22、个从过去看来将发生的情况，也可用一般过去时。He said he would not go if it rained. 他说如果下雨就不去了。They told us that they would not leave until she came back. 他们告诉我们直到她回来他们才会离开。三、一般将来时一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。主要由助动词will或shall加动词原形构成。shall主要用于第一人称(I , we)作主语的疑问句中。1、一般将来时的构成以study为例： 肯定式否定式疑问式I shall/will study. I shall/will not stu

23、dy.Shall I study?You will study. You will not study.Will you study?He /She/It/will study.He /She /It will not study.Will he /she /it study?We shall/will study.We shall/will not study. Shall we study?You will study.You will not studyWill you study?They will study.They will not study.Will they study?s

24、hall用于第一人称I (we)；will可用于各人称。美国英语中，不论什么人称和数，一律用will+动词原形。在口语中，will常缩写为ll与主语连写在一起。如：Ill, youll, hell和shell, well, theyll, shall not常缩写为shant, will not常缩写为wont.在疑问句中，主语为第一人称(I 和we)时，常用助动词shall。a.在回答shall I 问句时，应该说yes, please./please do.或 no, please dont./please dont.不可说：yes, you shall.或no , you shall n

25、ot.b.在回答shall we问句时，应该说yes, lets：或No, I dont think we shall. /No, lets do not. 2、一般将来时的用法表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语如tomorrow, next week/month/year等连用。Ill come to pick you up at 6:00 Wednesday evening. 我星期三晚上6点来接您。Ill have a party next Saturday. I hope you can come.下周六我要举行聚会，希望你能来。My daughter

26、 will be twenty years old next year.我女儿明年就20 岁了。He will be here in ten minutes. 他10分钟后在这儿。表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。Ill come and see you every Sunday next year.明年我将每个星期天来看你。We shall come and work in this factory every year.我们将每年到这工厂来劳动。表示推测。This will be the dictionary youre looking for. 这大概是你要找的那本词典吧。The game

27、will be finished by now. 球赛大概已经结束了。3、其他几种表示一般将来时的动词形式 “be going to+动词原形”用来表示打算、计划、决定要做某事，或表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为很可能要发生的事情。We are going to have a new subject this year. 今年我们将学一门新课程。Its going to rain this afternoon. 今天下午天要下雨。Im not going to write letters. 我不打算写信。If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we are going to the Summer Palace.如果明天不下雨，我们就去颐和园。 “be +动词不定式”表示按计划要发生的事，或用来征求对方意见。Where are we to stay tonight?今晚我们在哪儿过夜？What is to do ?怎么办？ “be about+动词不定式”表示即将做某事。I havent gone yet