考研英语真题与精析.docx

1、考研英语真题与精析Reading ComprehensionPassage 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Pr

2、ivate businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of i

3、ndividual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which

4、 consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply re

5、lative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit mo

6、re consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system. The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natu

7、ral resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with anothe

8、r private individual. 11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means_. A Americans are never satisfied with their incomes B Americans tend to overstate their incomes C Americans want to have their incomes increased D Americans want to increase the purchasing powe

9、r of their incomes 12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that_. A producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production B consumers can express their demands through producers C producers decide the prices of products D supply and demand regulate prices 13. According to

10、the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by_. A private property and rights concerned B manpower and natural resources control C ownership of productive resources D free contracts and prices 14. The passage is mainly about_. A how American goods are produced B how American consumer

11、s buy their goods C how American economic system works D how American businessmen make their profits 一、文章结构总体分析本文是一篇介绍美国经济结构的文章，主要论述美国的经济以私营企业为基础、以市场经济为导向。文中反复出现的中心词组是private-enterprise, market-oriented economy system (in America)。第一段：首句是全文的主题，即主要讨论美国经济体制的特点是通过私有企业和市场导向起调节作用。末句是该段的主题它将全文中心思想换了一种方式表达

12、，分析和指出消费者的需求、企业家对最大利润的追求和个人对收入取得最大收益的渴望这三个因素共同决定着生产什么和如何使用资源进行生产。第二段：主题词是price system，首句是该段的主题句，说明市场导向型经济的重要特点之一是价格机制。第三段：说明私营经济的性质和特点，即财产私有，同时还拥有相关权利。二、试题分析11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means_. 第一段第11行的“个人想最大限度地扩大收入”在文中的含义是_。A Americans are never sati

13、sfied with their incomes A 美国人从来没有对其收入满意过B Americans tend to overstate their incomesB 美国人往往夸大自己的收入C Americans want to have their incomes increasedC 美国人想让自己的收入得到增加D Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomesD 美国人想提高自己收入的购买力答案 D解析 本题考核的知识点是：句题题。先定位到第一段末句。解题的关键是看对maximize的理解。原文所在句

14、“coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”将生产者和消费者的愿望对照来说。句中的两个maximize平衡并列，作用、意义完全相同。因此知道maximize在第一处的意义即可知道第二处之意。众所周知，商人总是想用最少的投入取得最大的利润，这就是maximize的意义。由此可知，消费者希望使一定的收入取得最大限度的效益，即用现有收入买到更多更好的商品。而D选项恰是此意。A和B选项未在原文提及。C选项反映的是劳资

15、双方的关系，而不是生产者与消费者之间的关系。12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that_. 第二段前两句告诉我们_。A producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production A 生产者可以通过机械化生产满足消费者B consumers can express their demands through producers B 消费者可以通过生产者表达自己的需求C producers decide the prices of products

16、C 生产者决定商品价格D supply and demand regulate pricesD （商品）供求关系决定（商品）价格答案 D解析 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。D选项就是该段第二句“prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers”的概括，为正确答案。A选项在这两句中并未涉及。注意文中第一句的mechanism意为“机制”，而该选项中的mechanized意为“机械化”，二者含义不同。误选B选项的考生是对该段首句的语法

17、成分分析错误。它是一个省略句，补全后应该是“An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and (by which consumer demands can be) responded to by producers”。由此可知，消费者通过这一机制表达他们的需求，而生产者则通过这一机制对他们的需求作出反应。B选项理解成consumer demands can be expressedby producers。C选项与第二句

18、“供求关系决定价格”不符，也应该排除。此题亦可通过经济常识解答。注意：干扰选项经常使用原文中出现的词语或类似的结构伪造，所以对那些出现了原词的选项一定要仔细辨认真伪。13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by_. 根据文章，私营企业经济的特点是_。A private property and rights concerned 私人财产及相关权利B manpower and natural resources control 劳动力及其自然资源的控制C ownership of pr

19、oductive resources 生产资料的所有权D free contracts and prices自由合同和价格答案 A解析 本题考核的知识点是：段落主旨题。题干要求考生回答私营企业经济的特点，即第三段的主题。该段只有两句。第一句强调的是私营企业最重要的因素是个人拥有生产资料（私人财产）、允许个人雇用劳动力和控制自然资源。第二句是指私人财产的概念还包含某些其他权利，如：产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。尤其第二句的not only but also更表明了此段主旨。A选项是对上述内容的概括，为正确答案。而B、C和D选项虽然都在第三段述及，但是都是A选项下的具体内容，缺乏概

20、括性，不应该入选。命题意图要求考生区分段落细节与段落中心是局部与整体的关系。14.The passage is mainly about_. 文章的主要内容是_。A how American goods are producedA 美国商品的生产过程B how American consumers buy their goods B 美国消费者如何购物C how American economic system works C 美国经济体制如何运作D how American businessmen make their profits D 美国商人如何赚取利润答案 C解析 本题考核的知识点是

21、：文章主旨题。解此题需要了解文章各段的主旨。第一段论述美国经济体制的构成；第二段介绍市场经济的运行方式；第三段介绍私营经济的特点。后两段是对第一段的进一步论述。由此可见，美国经济体制的构成和运作是本文论述的中心。C选项正反映了这一主题。A、B和D选项都在文中有所涉及，但都是具体细节，比较片面，应该排除。此题还可以通过直接对选项进行比较排除来解题。A、B和D都在文中述及，分属于三个独立的、不同的概念。其中任意一个可代表其他两个，而C选项概括性强，可以包括A、B和D，故C为正确答案。三、长难句解析和佳句赏析长难句The American economic system is organized a

22、round a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.该句的主干是“The American economic system is organized around a economy in which”, economy

23、前面的定语修饰成分是private-enterprise, market-oriented，后面是in which 引导的定语从句。从句的主干是“consumers determine what by spending for”, what 引导宾语从句，by引导的分词结构做状语，而这个方式状语中for引导的介词短语又做动词spend的目的状语，此外，其中还嵌套了一个that引导的定语从句。译文：美国的经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这个经济体制上，需要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的。Thus, in the Amer

24、ican economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.此句的主干是it is that together determ

25、ine强调句。coupled with和and连接三个并列成分the demand of individual consumers, the desire of businessmen to maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes。determine后是what和how连接的并列的宾语从句，句末it指代的是前面的what shall be produced。此外，注意一开始的thus表明该句是前面论述部分的结论。译文：在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求、商人获取最大利润的追求和消费者渴望最大限度地

26、增加自己的收入共同决定应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。If the product is in short supply relative to the demand , the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.注意句子中的in short supply意思是“供应不足”，relative to意思是“相对于”。考生还应该注意short的其他用法。1) run short：用完、耗尽，如：Our money is running out.我们的钱快用完了。 2) fo

27、r short：简称，缩写，如：His real name was Thomas, but he was called Tom for short.他的真名叫汤姆斯，可以简称为汤姆。3）in short：简言之，总之，如：In short, they gave him no peace day or night.简言之，他们让他日夜不宁。译文：如果产品相对供不应求，价格就会抬升，从而使一些消费者从市场上消失。In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of pr

28、oductive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual .注意句子主干是：the concept of private property embraces not only but also。其中including分词结构做后置定语，对certain rights进行修饰。句中的embrace意思是：拥有，包括，如：The organi

29、zation embraces persons of differing political stands.那个组织里有不同政治立场的人。译文：在美国经济中，私人财产的概念不仅仅包含对生产资料的所有权，还包含某些其他权利，其中包括对产品的定价格和与另一私营者签订自由合同的权利。If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in tu

30、rn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.该句的主干是“If this will tend to increase which will”，前面条件从句的主语是动名词producing, 主句的主语this 指的是reducing its cost这件事，定语从句中的which指代整个主句的内容。in turn意思是：相应地，转而。如：Increased production will, in turn, lead to increased profits.增加生产会继而增加利润。译文：另一方面，如

31、果商品的大量生产导致成本的降低，这会促使增加销售商和生产商的供给，从而反过来导致价格下降，致使更多的消费者购买产品。佳句本文不长，结构比较简单清晰，可以当做写作范文赏析和模仿。注意文章的写作对象是American economy，所以文中围绕它展开叙述，连词的使用亦使文章结构更为紧凑。The American economic system is Private businessmen, ; and the profit motive, Thus, in the American economic system it isAn important factor in a market-oriented economy is In the American economy, this mechanism If If, on the other hand, Thus, price in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is In the American economy, t