阅读技巧讲解主旨大意题推理判断题.docx

1、阅读技巧讲解主旨大意题推理判断题阅读技巧-主旨大意题、推理判断题推理判断题1.题型特点推理判断题主要考查学生对文章言外之意的理解。这种题目有一定难度,往往不能直接从文中找到答案,而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后,才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理,获取作者在文章中没有直接表述出来的态度、观点等。这种类型的题主要有三种形式:语义推理题、结论推理题和出处推理题。语义推理题要求学生根据文章、段落或句子的表层信息推断出深层含义,比如推断文章或段落的中心思想、句子的言外之意等;结论推理题和出处推理题要求学生根据文章中所列举的事实推断出符合

2、逻辑的结论或文章的出处。2.推理判断题主要的设问方式It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that.Which of the following conclusions can be drawn according to the passage?The writer suggests that.The writer uses the example of.to show that.Whats the writers attitude toward.?Whats the writers purpose of writing the

3、passage?From the passage,we know.The writer probably agrees that.3.推理判断题的解题技巧中考的阅读理解不仅要求考生读懂短文中的每个句子,而且还要求能理解句子之间的内在联系。有的试题要求根据中学生必须具有的常识,对所读的短文进行一定程度的推断;有的试题还要求了解其内在的逻辑关系,从而对所读的内容形成较深层的理解。一般来说,这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案,必须根据原文提供的有关信息,进行合理的推断才能回答。完成推理判断题,通常应注意以下两点:(1)特别留心特定细节所谓“特定细节”,就是问题所涉及的范围和对象中的细节事实,一般包

4、括事实根据、名字(人物或地点)、数字(日期或统计数字)、关键词语的其他表达方法(同义词、近义词、反义词)等。(2)注意作者的语气和态度作者的语气和态度通常体现在短文所使用的措辞和句式上。要特别注意感情色彩比较浓重的形容词和副词,特别留心短文句子的长度和结构。从措辞上我们可以推断出作者对所讨论话题的态度;从句式的长短和结构可以判断出作者讨论问题的语气。三、主旨大意题1.题型特点要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章进行归纳、概括或评价。解答这种题型时,不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义,比如涉及文章的标题(title)、主题(main idea)、结论(conclusion)、结局(end)等有关问题

5、,都需要在细读全文的基础上,结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识等进行逻辑推理和判断,从而挖掘出文章中隐含的信息。2.主旨大意题主要的设问方式Whats the main idea of this passage?What is the passage mainly about?What does the passage mainly discuss?The writer means to tell us that.The main idea of the passage is that.The passage is mainly about.From the passage we can l

6、earn/conclude that.The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with.Whats the best title for the passage?What would be the best title for the passage?The best title for the passage is.3.主旨大意题的解题技巧(1)留心关键词,抓住文章主旨;串联主要细节,推断文章中心思想。所谓关键词,即文章中反复出现的、与主题有关的实词,如名词、动词等。冠词或介词等虚词均不在关键词之列。需要注意的是,为了避免同一词的过多重复,文章有时会使

7、用这个词的同义词、近义词,或用代词指代。我们知道,并不是所有文章都包含明确的主题句,比如大多数记叙文。记叙文的中心思想多隐藏在具体的细节中,作者通过众多的细节事实对一个中心点进行论述。因此,我们必须善于串联主要细节,从中归纳文章的中心思想。(2)注意段落主题句,归纳文章大意。段落的主题通常由被称为主题句(Topic Sentence)的句子来表示。主题句有两个功能:介绍段落的主题(Topic);阐述控制概念(Controlling Idea),控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。主题句通常是一段的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在一段中间。我们在阅读非故事性文章(如科普文章)的时候,主题句尤为明显。有

8、的文章无明显的主题句,主题句隐含在段意之中。主题句位于段首主题句位于段首是由作者先立论,后摆事实讲道理的写作手法形成的。这种段落称作演绎型段落。据有关统计数字表明,在英语议论文或说明文中,有60%90%的主题句是段落的第一句。a.寻找主题句有些段落,有明显的引出细节的信息词,常见的信息词有:for example,an example of,the most important example,first,second,next,then,last,finally,to begin with,also,besides that等。在阅读中,应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从段落中的for

9、 example可以断定,前一句话是主题句。如果无明显的信息词,可先假设第一句话为主题句,在第二句话前面添加一个for example,看看第二句话是否可以支撑第一句话,如果第二句话不能支撑第一句话,便在其他地方找出主题句。b.选择答案先彻底弄懂主题句的句意,然后阅读所给的选项,选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案,如主题句的再现,主题句句意的转述或推论等,排除与主题句句意无关的答案,如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。主题句位于段末主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实,后做结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。主题句位于段落的中间主题句偶尔也出现在段落的中间,但不一定就在正中间。有时,第一句并非主题句,

10、而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下,第二句便成了主题句。此外,主题句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。 真题训练一A recent study from a team of South Korean researchers suggests that eating alone often may lead to poor eating habits and poor food choices. Specifically, the study found that men who ate alone more than twice a week had a greater risk of develop

11、ing high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.For children, eating with their families is not only about preventing bad outcomes(结果)it is also about developing good ones.In 2014, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) looked at data from nearly three-quarters of the

12、 worlds countries. Among its findings was the fact that students who shared a main meal with their families were less likely to skip school. Children who eat a main meal with their families are also less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol(吸毒酗酒).In the report, titled “The Importance of Family Dinners(

13、)”, researchers say that “teens who have frequent family dinners are more likely to say their parents know a lot about whats going on in their lives”. They also claim that when teens say they feel closer to their parents, they are less likely to use drugs and alcohol.Another study from the Universit

14、y of Montreal found that children who ate with their families experience long-term physical and mental health benefits(好处). These children were physically in better shape and drank fewer sugary soft drinks. These children also seemed to have better social skills and they were less aggressive(好斗的).Pr

15、ofessor Linda Pagani says that mealtimes shared with parents“likely provide young children with first-hand social interactions, discussions of social issues(事件)and day-to-day concerns”. She adds that they may likely help the child have better communication skills with others.1.What can be the best t

16、itle for the text?A.Benefits of eating together.B.Advantages of eating alone.C.Ways of developing social skills.D.Risks of using drugs and alcohol.2.Children eating with their families are more likely to .A.drink more sugary soft drinksB.do well in their studies at schoolC.be more socially active an

17、d aggressiveD.have a closer relationship with their parents3.Why is Professor Pagani mentioned in the last paragraph?A.To introduce her.B.To add a new point.C.To explain further.D.To provide background information.4.From which is the text probably taken?A.A travel guide. B.A biology textbook.C.A coo

18、king instruction. D.A science magazine.1.【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。本文主要讲与家人一起吃饭的好处,题目应该与此相关,故选A。2.【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。由第四段的最后一句话“They also claim that.to their parents.”可知经常和家人吃饭的孩子与父母之间的关系更亲密,由此可知本题选择D。3.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。最后一段提到她并且引用了她说的话,都是对前面观点的进一步解释,故选C。4.【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。本文介绍了一项研究的结果,应该属于科学杂志刊登的内容,故选D。二Are you afrai

19、d of going to the dentist(牙医)? If so, youre not alone.These fears could just be in our heads, however. According to a recent survey by Martin Tickle, a professor at the University of Manchester in the UK, the pain isnt felt most of the time in dental surgeries(牙科手术). In fact, among the 451 interview

20、ed patients, 75% reported no pain at all during their visits, including situations when they had their teeth pulled out.Could it be the sound of the drill(钻头)then?“I found that the sound of drilling can evoke deep worry in dental patients. Actually they dont have any pain,”Hiroyuki Karibe, a scienti

21、st at Nippon Dental University in Tokyo, told The Guardian.To find the reason why a drill might bring on a racing heart, Karibe divided the volunteers into low-fear and high-fear groups based on how much they feared a trip to the dentist. Volunteers were played the sound of a drill while their brain

22、 activities were watched by a machine.What Karibe found in the low-fear group was increased activity in the areas of the brain relative to auditory processing(听觉处理), which means, for these people, the sound of dental drills is no different from other sounds.In the high-fear group, however, the brain

23、 area that was activated(激活)was different. It was the area that carries out a number of duties, including learning, feelings and, most importantly, memory. This means that these volunteers not only heard the sound, but they remembered itthey made connections between the sound of a drill and the worr

24、y it produced in the past, causing their worry to return.Understanding how brains reply to the sounds of dentists drills could help scientists find ways to make patients more relaxed, according to Karibe, because patients who worry about going to the dentist might keep putting off their visits. But

25、the best way is to keep your teeth healthy.根据短文内容,选择最佳选项。1.How does the writer explain that the pain isnt felt most of the time in dental surgeries?A.By showing facts with numbers.B.By asking questions one by one.C.By giving examples group by group.D.By comparing results of patients.2.According to t

26、he fourth paragraph, what does the word “evoke” mean in Chinese?A.减轻 B.引起 C.显示 D.阻止3.How did the sound of drilling produce different results to the volunteers in the study?A.It produced some worry in the volunteers in the low-fear group.B.For the low-fear group, it activated the brain area dealing w

27、ith learning, feelings and memory.C.For the high-fear group, it caused more activities in the brain area relative to auditory processing.D.It made people in the high-fear group remember their past uncomfortable memories.4.What is the last paragraph mainly about?A.How the study might be useful.B.Some

28、 new ways to treat teeth.C.The proper way to treat dental patients.D.The importance of keeping our teeth healthy.5.Whats the purpose of the passage?A.To show us different areas of fear in brains.B.To introduce us a recent survey by a scientist.C.To help us have less fear of a trip to the dentist.D.T

29、o make it clear that the sound of drilling is not terrible.1.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。题干意为:作者是如何解释在牙科手术中,疼痛并不是大多数时候都能被感觉到的?根据文中第二段的最后一句“In fact, among the 451 interviewed patients, 75% reported no pain at all during their visits, including situations when they had their teeth pulled out.”可知,作者是通过这一组数字告诉我们他的这个

30、观点的。故本题选A。2.【答案】B【解析】词义猜测题。题干意为:根据文章第四段,“evoke”一词的中文意思是什么?根据文中第四段中的“I found that the sound of drilling can evoke deep worry in dental patients. Actually they dont have any pain”可知,作者认为,是钻孔的声音“引起”了牙科病人的担心,而事实上并不疼。其他选项的意思都不合适。故本题选B。3.【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。题干意为:在研究中,钻孔的声音是如何对志愿者们产生不同的结果的?根据文中倒数第二段的内容可知,在“high

31、-fear”组,大脑带有“学习、情感、记忆”等功能的这部分被激活,这就意味着这些志愿者们不仅听到了声音,而且记住了声音,他们把这种钻头的声音与过去产生的担忧联系起来,导致了“害怕”的反射。故D选项符合题意。4.【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。题干意为:文章的最后一段主要是关于什么?根据文中最后一段的内容可知,了解大脑如何对牙医的钻牙声做出反应,可以帮助科学家找到使病人放松的方法,因为病人总是担心,会讳疾忌医。因此,最后一段是想告诉我们,这项研究是非常有用的。故A选项符合题意。5.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。题干意为:这篇文章的目的是什么?根据全文内容可知,作者通过实验,寻找是什么原因引起牙科病

32、人的恐慌,目的是找到方法让牙科病人减少去看牙医的恐惧。因此,文章的写作目的是“To help us have less fear of a trip to the dentist.”,故本题选C。三From a young age, Ive had a really deep connection with being outside. Ive been skiing since I was eight or nine years old. Ive been on expeditions(探险)in many places like China, Pakistan and so on. But it was in my hom