英语句子成分.docx

1、英语句子成分 英 语 句 子 成 分 讲 解 2014年9月掌握句子成分,把握句子脉络,有助于理解句子意思,见到英语句子应当首先抓住句子的主要成分,即: 主语和谓语部分, 先弄清句子要陈述的对象(谁或什么) 干什么做什么,然后再去找修饰成分或说明成分. 句子所要陈述的对象(谁或什么)是主语; 干(做)什么是谓语;谓语的承受者是宾语; 修饰主语和宾语的成分是定语; 修饰谓语, 形容词或副词的成分是状语; 系动词之后的是表语.一 句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有 _和_；次要成分有_, _, _, _,_, 和_。例如：(划分句子成分)The

2、 delicious food tastes good. _ _ _ _ The Chinese workers are building a tall building near the school._ _ _ _ _ _二 分类 ： 1. 主语： 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： （在主语下划横线） During the 1990s, country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class

3、.（代词） What makes you so upset? （疑问代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necess

4、ary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） 【注意：】there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面 练一练： 找出下列句子中的主语，并说出是由什么来充当主语的： 1. She wrote a letter to him. _ 2. Whether he will come is none of my business. _ 3. To say it is easier than to do it. _ 4. It is possible to fly to the moon

5、by spaceship._ 5. Listening to music is the best way to relax. _ 6. The wounded have been sent to hospital. _ 7. Teachers and students were excited to hear the news. _2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在 主语之后。谓语的构成有三种不同的形式， 如下： 1）动词 ： 由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2）情态动词或其他助

6、动词 + 实意动词构成。 例如： （在谓语下划横线） You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 3）系动词 + 表语 The report is interesting. 掌握谓语应注意它的几种变化： 1）人称和数的变化 I work in a forein company. He works in a . 2）时态变化 3）语态变化 4）语气变化 练一练： 在下列句子中的谓语动词下划横线: 1. The earth moves round the sun. 2. The factory has turned

7、into a big store. 3. We must give up some bad habits. 4. The sentence doesnt sound right.5. The weather becomes cold. 3. 表语： 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：（在表语下划横线） Our teacher of English is an American. （名词） Is

8、 it yours? （代词） The weather has turned cold. （形容词） The speech is exciting. （分词） Three times seven is twenty one? （数词） His job is to teach English. （不定式） His hobby is playing football. （动名词） The machine must be out of order. （介词短语） Time is up. The class is over. （副词） The truth is that he has never be

9、en abroad.（表语从句） 英语中常用的系动词有：_ _4. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：（在宾语下划横线） They went to see an exhibition yesterday. （名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time. （代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. （数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday. （名词化形容

10、词） He pretended not to see me. （不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office. （宾语从句） 有一些动词能接双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.人称代词称作间接宾语， 表示物的名词称做直接宾语。 能接双宾语的动词有：give , choose, pass, teach, buy, show, send, bring, cook 等， 例如： She bought me

11、a bike. They gave the children many books. 5. 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：（在宾语补足语下划横线）His father named him Dongming. （名词）They painted their boat white. （形容词）Let the fresh air in. （副词）You mustnt force him to lend

12、 his money to you. （不定式短语）We saw her entering the room. （现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now. （从句）【注意：】不定式做宾语补足语有时可以省不定式符号 to, 这种情况取决于谓语动词，这样的谓语动词有; make , let , have ; listen to, hear, see, wacth ,observe, notice, + 宾语 + V原形 He m

13、ade me work all day. 不是所有的动词都能接现在分词做宾补。能接动词分词做宾补的谓语动词有：have, get, keep, set, leave ; hear,listen to, see, notice, watch, observe, find, catch +宾语+ Ving The old man had the lights burning all night long. 6. 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： 例如：（在定语下划横线） Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） His speech m

14、oved everyone present. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His progress in English made us surprised.（代词） The monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked o

15、ut.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） The train which has just left is for Shang Hai. ( _) Do you know the person who spoke in the room? ( _) 7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： 例如： （在状语下划横线） Light travels most quickly. （副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the ci

16、ty for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six? （_状语） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（_状语

17、） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（_状语从句） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（_状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（_状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（_状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（_状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（

18、_状语从句） She works very hard though she is old.（_状语从句） I am taller than he is.（_状语从句）8. 同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，后者就叫做前者的同位语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。 1名词用作同位语。 We have two children, a boy and a girl. 我们有两个孩子，一男一女。 2. 代词用作同位语。 They all wanted to see him

19、. 他们都想见他。 3. 从句用同位语，即同位语从句 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不确。 4. Of 短语用作同位语 The city of Rome 罗马城 the art of writing 写作艺术练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a

20、 beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He manage

21、d to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep ou

22、r classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.简 单 句 的 五 种 基 本 句 型英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一： + （主谓） 基本句型二： + + （主系表） 基本句型三： + + （主谓宾） 基本句型四： + +IO +

23、 （主谓间宾直宾） 基本句型五： + + + （主谓宾宾补） 分 类 讲 解：基本句型一：_ We work. 此句型是“主语+不及物动词”构成句子的主体部分。因为是不及物动词，后面当然不能带宾语了，但是可以有状语来修饰。例如He runs in the park. 他在公园里跑。上面例句中的 in the park就是地点状语。They talked for an hour. 句中的talk 是不及物动词，for an hour 是时间状语。基本句型二：_ He is a student.此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语

24、构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。 The dinner smells good. She feels happy.基本句型三：_: Henry bought a dictionary.有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把看成及物动词，后面就可以加宾语了。 You must listen to me. ( listen to 可以看成一个及物动词) They want to go. ( 不定式做宾语) He stopped writing. ( Ving 做宾语) 基本句型四： _: My father bought me a car.I told him how to run the machi

25、ne. 基本句型五：_: Tom made the baby laugh.此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 He asked me to come back soon. They found the house dirty. We saw him out. 【秘诀】 不定式，作宾补，下列词后省去to：一“感”二“听”四“看见” 外加三个“小使役”，保你永远会记住。【说明】“一感”指feel。“二听”指hear, listen to。“四看见”指notice, observe, see, watc

26、h。 三个“小使役”指have, let, make三个使役动词。在这些动词后有不定式作宾补时，不定式的符号to往往要省去。练一练： 说出下列句子的基本结构，再分析句子成分： 1. The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. 2. You will find it useful after you leave school.3. He asked her to finish the job quickly. 4. The leaves turned yellow.5. The moon rose.6. Everything looks di

27、fferent. 7. They ate some apples. 8. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. 句 子 分 类（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）_：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）_：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）_：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）_：How cl

28、ever the boy is!几种常见的结构： 2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.

29、 The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）高考考点探讨1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。3、高考对简单