杂谈虚拟语气.docx

1、杂谈虚拟语气杂谈虚拟语气 基本上，虚拟语气可分为虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present)和虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past)两种；但它们和时态(Tenses)上所指的现在时态(Present Tense)和过去时态(Past Tense)是有所不同的。 一、虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present): 虚拟现在的句子，在任何时候都要用动词的原形(root form)，就算是第三人称(he, she, it)也是如此。如： 1.1现在时态(Simple Present): (右边为虚拟语气) Iwork - I work you work - you work he

2、works - he work (注意到了吗，是 work，不是 works) she works - she work (不是 she works ） it works - it work(同样不是 it works ) we work - we work they work - they work 1.2现在进行时态(Present Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气） I am working - I be working (注意用的是 be） you are working - you be working he is working - he be working she is

3、 working - she be working it is working - it be working we are working - we be working they are woring - they be working 1.3现在完成时态(Present Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气) I have worked - I have worked you have worked - you have worked he has worked - he have worked (用的还是have) she has worked - she have worked it

4、has worked - it have worked we have worked - we have worked they have worked - they have worked 1.4现在完成进行时态(Present Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气) I have been working - I have been working you have been working - you have been working he has been working - he have been working(是 he have, 不是 he has )

5、she has been working - she have been working it has been working - it have been working we have been working - we have been working they have been working - they have been working二、虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past) 虚拟过去的动词无论在什么情况之下都要用过去复数形式。如：动词 be，在虚拟过去中要用 were。 2.1过去时态(Simple Past):(右边为虚拟语气) I worked - I wor

6、ked you worked - you worked he worked - he worked she worked - she worked it worked - it worked we worked - we worked they worked - they worked 2.2过去进行时态(Past Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气) I was working - I were working （注意是 I were） you were working - you were working he was working - he were working (是 he

7、were 喔) she was working - she were working it was working - it were working we were working - we were working they were working - they were working 2.3过去完成时态(Past Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气) I had worked - I had worked you had worked - you had worked he had worked - he had worked she had worked - she had wor

8、ked it had worked - it had worked we had worked - we had worked they had worked - they had worked (全部都用 had ! ) 2.4过去完成进行时态(Past Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气) I had been working - I had been working you had been working - you had been working he had been working - he had been working she had been wo

9、rking - she had been working it had been working - it had been working we had been working - we had been working they had been working - they had been working (全部都是 had been ） 三、简单的祝愿和命令： 3.1祝愿 1.May you be happy. (注意那个 be ) 祝你幸福。 2.May you have a good time. 3.May the friendship between us last long

10、, 4.Have a good journey! 祝你旅途愉快！ 3.2命令 1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。 2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！ 3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go 4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词 do，加上 not。 1.Work ! 2.Work harder ! 3.Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词 Be) 4.You go out ! 5.Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气) 6.Dont be afraid.

11、 (口语中常用dont 代替 do not) 四、在现在时态句里，用情态动词(Modal Verb)的过去时态 (could,might,should,would)表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼、委婉等： 1. Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office. (情态动词 would,表示客气有礼) 2. It would be better for you not to stay up too late.(表示委婉) 五、虚拟语气在宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的用法： 5.1 在wish后的虚拟

12、语气宾语从句(可省略它的that)： 表示：a.和现在的事实相反； b.和过去的事实相反； c.对将来的主观愿望。 5.1.1 现在情况的虚拟，从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)： 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question. (wish, 动词过去式 knew) 我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道) 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. (wish, were) 但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能) 3. I wish I wer

13、e a bird.(wish, were) 但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能。) 4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home. (wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家) 5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese. (wishes,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.

14、(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起) 5.1.2 过去情况的虚拟，从句动词用had + 过去分词（时间上较前): 1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadnt wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了) 2. He wishes he hadnt lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 3. We wished he had spoken to us. (wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲) 4. I wish you had called e

15、arlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了) 5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此) 5.1.3 将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)，从句动词用would/should/ could/might + 动词原形(时间上较后): (请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同) 1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop) 我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢) 2. I wish you w

16、ould be quiet.(would + be) 我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢) 3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive) 你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到) 4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change) 我希望她会改变主意。 5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join) (只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起) 5.2除了wish之外，下列

17、各动词(如 suggest)的后面的虚拟语气宾语从句，其谓语用：should + 动词原形表示建议(suggest)、坚持(insist)等虚拟语气： * suggest (建议), recommend (推荐), advise (劝告), propose (建议) * insist (坚持), consent (允诺) * decide (决定), order (命令) * request (要求), demand (要求), desire (期望), ask (要求) * maintain (主张), urge (催促) 1.I suggest that we (should 可省略,下同

18、) start the meeting at once. (suggest, should + start) (表示建议立即开会) 2.The doctor suggested that he (should ) try to lose his weight. (suggested, should + try) (表示建议你应该减肥喔) 3. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any mains. (insisted, should + be) (表示坚持,无论如何都要准时到那儿。你再讲也没用哩！) 4. He in

19、sisted that we (should) tell him the news. (insisted, should + tell) (表示非要你告诉他不可) 5. He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by themselves. (ordered, should + wash) (表示命令学生们每周自己洗衣服)六、虚拟语气在表语从句、同位语从句中的用法： 下列名词后的表语从句或同位语从句，也用should + 动词原形 表示虚拟语气： * demand (要求), desire (请求),re

20、quirment (要求) * advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议) * order (命令) * necessity (必要地), preference (优先) * proposal (计划), plan (计划),idea (办法) 1.The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once. (名词advice，should + leave) (表示加以劝告) 2. My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the

21、 conference. (idea, should + get) (表示做出主意) 3. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week. (proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划) 虚拟语气之类的语法真是错综复杂，不是一时半刻就能弄清楚的。再会。 七、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法 句型：It is (或was) + 形容词(或过去分词) + that +should + 动词原形 句子：It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, shoul

22、d+动词原形do) 常用的形容词： * natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的) * necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的) * probable (很可能的), possible (可能的) * desirable (极好的) 常用的过去分词(Past Participle): * required (需要的), dem

23、anded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求) * suggested (建议), recommended (推荐) * orderd (命令) 1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now. (necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步) 2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time. (necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准

24、备) 3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here. (required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟) 4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school. (important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规) 5. Its important that we (should) take good care of the patient. (important,

25、should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人) 八、虚拟语气在条件从句(Protasis)中的用法： 条件从句有两类：（1）真实条件句；（2）虚拟条件句。 如果假设情况有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。如： 1. If time permits, well go fishing together. (如果有时间的话，我们就一起去钓鱼。） 如果假设的情况与事实相反，则为虚拟条件句。如： 1. If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home. （如果昨天下雨的话，我们就会留在家里。） 这回我们要谈的就是关于虚拟条件句的一些句型

26、。 * 这种句子一般由从句（Subordinate Clause)和主句(Main Clause)组成。如上例： If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home. If it had rained yesterday 就是从句；we would have stayed at home 则为主句。 * 无论从句或主句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。它们所用的动词有三种时态(Tenses)，就是：现在时态、过去时态、将来时态。 * 句型： 8.1与现在事实相反的假设(事情的发生都在同一时间内): 从句：if + 主语 + 动词的过去式(be

27、用 were) + 主句：主语 + would (should, could , might) + 动词原形 + 1. If I were you, I would go with him. (从句 If I were you, 主句 I would go with him.) 2.If I were you, I should buy it. (从句用过去式动词were，主句用动词原形 buy) 3.If I had time, I would study French. (如果有时间，我会学习法文。） （从句用过去式动词had，主句用动词原形 study） 4. If she knew E

28、nglish, she would not ask me for help. (如果她懂英文，她就不必要我帮了。) (从句用过去式动词knew, 主句用动词原形ask) 注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用：主语 + would be + 进行式动词 + 5. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now. (从句用过去式动词were, 主句用 would be speaking) 8.2与过去事实相反的假设(假设从句的事实为过去的事)： 从句：If + 主语 + had +过去完成式动词 + 主句：主语 + would (should,

29、could, might) + have +过去完成式动词 + 1. If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam. (从句动词用had studied, 主句动词用have passed) 如果你在上个学期用功一些，你就会在考试中过关了。 2. If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam. (从句动词用had taken, 主句动词用have failed) 如果你当时听从我的劝告的话，你就不会在考试中失败了。 3. If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train. (从句动词