化学工程与工艺专业英语课后答案.docx

1、化学工程与工艺专业英语课后答案Key to ExerciseUnit 1 Chemical Industries1. the Industrial Revolution2. organic chemicals3. the contact process4. the Haber process5. synthetic polymers6. intermediates7. artificial fertilizers8. pesticides 9. synthetic fibers10. pharmaceutical11. research and development12. petrochem

2、ical 13. computers14. capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeFood artificial fertilizers, pesticide, veterinary productsHealth antibiotics, -blockersClothing synthetic fibers (e.g. polyesters, polyamides), synthetic dyesSheltersynthetic polymers (e.g. urea-formaldehyde, polyurethanes)

3、, plasticsLeisure plastics and polymers (e.g. nylon)Transport additives (e.g. anti-oxidants, viscosity index impovements),polymers, plasticsUnit 2 Research and Development1. R&D2. ideas and knowledge3. process and products4. fundamental5. applied6. product development7. existing product8. pilot plan

4、t9. a emerging case10. environmental impact11. energy cost12. technical support13. process improvement 14. effluent treatment15. pharmaceutical16. sufficiently pure17. Reaction18. unreacted material 19. by-products20. the product specification21. Product storageUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical

5、Engineers1. Mechanical2. electrical3. civil4. scale-up5. commercial-size6. reactors7. distillation columns8. pumps9. control and instrumentation 10. mathematics11. industry12. academia 13. steam14. cooling water15. an economical16. to improve17. P&I Drawings18. Equipment Specification Sheets19. Cons

6、truction 20. capacity and performance 21. bottlenecks22. Technical Sales 23. new or improved24. engineering methods25. configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1. inorganic chemicals2. derive from3. petrochemical processes4. Metallic ores5. extraction process6. non-renewable resource7. renewable sou

7、rces8. energy source9. fermentation process10. selective11. raw material12. separation and purification13. food industry14. to be wetted15. Key to success16. Crushing and grinding17. Sieving18. Stirring and bubbling19. Surface active agents20. OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals1. Ethylene2. acetic ac

8、id3. Polymerization4. Polyvinyl acetate5. Emulsion paintHigh-volume sectorLow-volume sectorProduction scaletens to hundreds of thousands tons per yeartens to a few thousands tons per yearProducts / a plantsingle productmulti-productsOperation mannercontinuousbatchPrice or profitfairly cheapvery prof

9、itableUsageintermediatesend-productsChallengesreduced demand, environment pollutionProducts in the sectorsulphuric acid, phosphorus-containing compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, chlor-alkali, petrochemicals, commodity polymersagrochemicals, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, speciality polymersUnit

10、6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes1. Ammonia2. ammonia absorber3. NaCl & NH4OH4. Carbon dioxide5. NH4Cl6. Rotary drier7. Light Na2CO38. WaterProductRaw materialMajor steps orPrincipal reactionsUsesSoda-ashbrine, limestoneammoniating, carbonating, precipitating, filtering, drying, calciningraw mate

11、rial for glassmaking, sodium silicate; as an alkali Chlorinebrine2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O NaOH +Cl2 +H2as water purification, bleaching of wood pulp; production of vinyl chloride, solvents, inorganic chlorine-containing productsCaustic sodabrine2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O NaOH +Cl2 +H2for paper-making, manufacture

12、 of inorganic chemicals, syntheses of organic chemicals, production of alumina and soapSulfuric acidelemental sulphurS +O2 SO2SO2 + O2 SO3SO3 + H2O H2SO4feedstock for fertilizers; production of ethanol, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum sulphates Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea1. kinetically inert2.

13、some iron compounds3. exothermic4. conversion5. a reasonable speed6. lower pressures7. higher temperatures8. capital9. energy10. steam reforming11. carbon monoxide12. secondary reformer13. the shift reaction14. methane15. 3:11787C. Bertholletdiscovers the composition of ammonia1903Fritz Habersynthes

14、izes ammonia1909Fritz Haberdrives the optimum reaction conditions1909-1914C. Bosch, A. Mittaschscale-up the process1913in BASFbuild a pilot plant1919Fritz Haberreceives the Noble price1920sin Britain and AmericaIntroduce the Haber process1931C. Boschreceives the Noble priceUnit 8 Petroleum Processin

15、g1. organic chemicals2. H:C ratios3. high temperature carbonization4. crude tar5. pyrolysis6. poor selectivity 7. consumption of hydrogen8. the pilot stage 9. surface and underground10. fluidized bed 11. Biotechnology12. sulfur speciesUnit 9 PolymersAbbreviationName of polymerLDPELow density polyeth

16、ylene低密度聚乙烯HDPEHigh density polyethylene高密度聚乙烯LLDPELinear low density polyethylene线性低密度聚乙烯PET or PBTPoly ethylene terephthalate (PET) Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯PVCPoly vinyl chloride聚氯乙烯PSPolystyrene聚苯乙烯POMPolyoxymethylene聚甲醛PPPolypropylene聚丙烯PCPolycarbonate聚碳酸酯PPOPolypheny

17、lene oxide聚苯醚PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯PFphenol-formaldehyde resins酚醛树脂PMMApoly (methyl methacrylate)聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯UFurea-formaldehyde resins脲醛树脂Name of polymerCompany or InventorYear introducedPhenol-formaldehyde resinBaekland1909Urea-formaldehyde resin1929Alkyd resinlate 1920sPoly(styrene-butadien

18、e)Germany Poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene)Germany Poly (vinyl chloride)Germany Polystyrene Germany polyethyleneICI1938Nylon Du pont 1941Polyacrylonitrile Du pont 1948Terylene ICI1949Epoxy resinsDu pont 1955polypropyleneMontecatini1956LLDPElate 1970sUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (10-3m

19、) Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3102m) Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment Design of injection molding equipment to produce ca

20、r bumpers made from polymers Designing feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (10m) Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemical plant Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions of combustion-generated air pollutants Manipulating a petroleum res

21、ervoir during enhanced oil recovery through remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamic models of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicals to improve efficiency of recoveryCourseCourse contentScience and Math.Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Material Science, Mat

22、hematics, Computer InstructionChemical EngineeringThermodynamics, Kinetics, Catalysis, Rector Design and Analysis, Unit Operations, Process Control, Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Design / EconomicsOther engineeringElectrical Engineering, Mechanics, Engineering DrawingHumanities and Social scien

23、ceUnderstand the origins of ones own culture as well as that of othersUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1. density2. viscosity 3. tube diameter4. Reynolds5. Eddies6. laminar flow7. turbulent flow8. velocity fluctuations9. solid surface10. ideal fluids11. viscosity12. Prandtl13. fluid dy

24、namicsUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering1. physical2. unit operations3. identical4. A. D. Little5. fluid flow6. membrane separation7. crystallization8. filtration9. material balance10. equilibrium stage model11. Hydrocyclones12. Filtration13. Gravity14. VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operat

25、ions1. relative volatilities2. contacting trays3. reboiler4. an overhead condenser5. reflux6. plates7. packing8. stripping section9. rectifying section10. energy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency12. tray efficiencies13. Batch operation14. composition15. a rectifying batchSieve p

26、lateBubble-cap platesValve platesCost132Capacity312Operating range312EfficiencysamesameSamePressure drop1321 2 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption1. a liquid solvent2. solubilities3. leaching4. distillation5. extract6. raffinate7. countercurrent8. a fluid9. adsorbed phase10. 400,000

27、11. original condition12. total pressure13. equivalent numbers14. H+ or OH15. regenerant16. process flow rates17. deterioration of performance18. closely similar19. stationary phase20. mobile phase21. distribution coefficients22. selective membranes23. synthetic24. ambient temperature25. ultrafiltra

28、tion26. reverse osmosis (RO). Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying1. concentrate solutions2. solids3. circulation4. viscosity5. heat sensitivity6. heat transfer surfaces7. the long tube8. multiple-effect evaporators9. vacuum10. condensers11. supersaturation12. circulation pump13. heat exc

29、hanger14. swirl breaker 15. circulating pipe16. product 17. non-condensable gas18. barometric condenserDryer typeGeneral featuresApplicationTray dryersBatch operation, Close control of drying conditions and product inventoryDrying valuable productsConveyor dryersContinuous circulation, High drying rates, Good product-quality, High thermal efficiencies, High initial and maintenance costDrying materials that form a bed with an open structureRotary dryerContinuous operation, High throughput, High thermal efficiency, Low capital cost and l