高中英语知识网络.docx

1、高中英语知识网络高中英语知识网络一、句子种类陈述句结构特点正常语序，即主谓语序肯定陈述We study English.否定陈述We dont like English.疑问句结构特点倒装语序，即谓语或谓语的一部分被提到主语前一般疑问句能用yes或no回答，意味“吗？”特殊疑问句提出具体问题，要求具体回答结构疑问词一般疑问句（疑问词做主语除外）选择疑问句提供两种以上情况，要求选择回答，用or等词连接反意疑问句对某种情况有一定判断，但需要提问证实。回答用yes或no 结构陈述句简短问句（前肯定，后否定；前否定，后肯定）注意回答反意疑问句时，要根据答案本身肯定与否定来选用yes或no祈使句表示请求

2、或命令。祈使句的主语是第二人称you，句中一般省略结构肯定式原形动词（其它）。如：Come in, please. Be quiet!否定式Dont原形动词（其它）。如：Dont be late next time.感叹句结构What名词主谓结构！如：What nice weather it is!How形容词或副词主谓结构！如：How cold it is today! How hard she studies!二、句子类型简单句结构只有一个主谓结构的句子（可以有多主语或多谓语）例句Many people are out of work nowadays.Li lin and I often

3、 work together and help each other.并列句结构有两个（或两个以上）主谓结构（即分句），各分句间常用并列连词and，but，or，so，for（因为）等连接，并用逗号隔开例句You must hurry, or youll be late.It must be snowing, for it is so bright outside.复合句结构由一个主句和一个（或一个以上）从句构成，主句是句子的主体，从句从属于主句，只做主句的一个成分，从句由从属连词引导（详见从句做句子成分部分）例句It is known to us all that Li lin is hon

4、est.（主语从句）Do you know that what I mean?（宾语从句）三、倒装句概念把谓语的全部或一部分提到主语前叫倒装。倒装句有时是语法要求（如大多数疑问句和there be句型），有时是为了表示强调。几种类型及例句A. 以never, hardly, seldom, neither, nor, little, not until, nosooner than等否定词和only开头的句子。如：Not until the war was over did he see his wife.B. 把so或neither，nor放句首，表示前面的情况也适用于后面如：My wife

5、 enjoys listening to music. So do I.C. 让步状语从句可把表语提前，用as引导主系结构；也可把although提前，后跟主系正常结构。表语as主系结构（或although主系正常结构） 如：Old as he is, he works hard. (=Although he is old, )D. 虚拟语气的条件句可倒装，即were, had, should主要动词如：Had you asked me, I would have helped you.(=If you had asked me,)E. 强调表语或状语 如：In front of the ho

6、use stands a tall tree.F. 直接引语后注明谁讲的话（主语是名词时用，代词不用）如：“Lets begin our class,”said the teacher(or he said).四、强调句句式：It is(was)强调成分that（强调部分为人时，可以用who）可强调成分及例句（以普通句I met her in the street yesterday为例）：A.强调主语 如：It was I that (who) met her in the street yesterday.B.强调宾语 如：It was her that I met in the stre

7、et yesterday.C.强调状语 如：It was in the street that I met her yesterday. It was yesterday that I met her in the street.五、句子成分成分含义可做该成分的形式主语一句话的主体，说明“谁”、“什么”等名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动名词、不定式、从句谓语回答主语“是什么”、“怎么样”等动词（谓语动词）宾语接收动作的对象或介词涉及的对象与做主语的相同表语用于系动词之后，说明主语的身份、状态、性质、特征等。系动词表语谓语名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句补

8、语补充说明宾语（被动语态中的主语）名词、形容词、不定式（see, let等后不带to），分词、副词等定语修饰、限制名词或代词的成分形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格、分词、动名词、副词、介词短语、不定式、从句状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子副词、介词短语、不等式、分词、独立主格结构、从句同位语紧跟在一个名词或代词后，进一步说明它名词、从句等注意：一般的句子至少有主语和谓语两个部分。谓语只有动词能做，在不表示动作的谓语中，勿丢掉动词。六、句子（从句）名词性从句主语从句做主语，用that，whether，what（the thing that）等连接词（原疑问词）引导宾语从句做宾语，用tha

9、t（可省略），if，whether（or not），what（the thing which）等连接词（原疑问词）引导表语从句用that（一般不省略），whether，what（the thing which）等连接词（原疑问词）引导同位语从句用that（常用在news，thought，idea等词后），whether等连接词（原疑问词）引导形容词性从句定语从句做定语，修饰名词或代词，这个被修饰的词叫做先行词引导词（本身也做从句中的句子成分）关系代词who指人，做主语；whom指人，做宾语（可省）；whose指人或物，做定语；which指物，做主语、宾语（可省）；that指人或物，做主语、宾语

10、（可省）关系副词when做时间状语；where做地点状语；why做原因状语；how做方式状语限制性定语从句定语从句紧跟在所修饰的词后面，与被修饰的词关系密切，没有它主语意思就不完整。一般的定语从句多为此类。非限制性定语从句定语从句是先行词的补充说明，去掉它主语意思清楚，常用逗号与主句隔开，关系词不用that副词性从句状语从句类型连词时间when, while, until, as soon as, before, after, etc.地点where, wherever原因because, since, as, once, etc.条件if, unless, as (so) long as（只

11、要）, in case（假如）目的so that, in order that, etc.结果so (such)that, etc.让步though, although, whoever, no matter who, etc.比较than, asas, etc.七、短语短语类型构成功能介词短语介词名词/代词（做介词的宾语）动名词短语动名词自己的宾语和（或状语）同动名词不定式短语不定式动词自己的宾语和（或状语）同不定式分词短语分词自己的宾语和（或状语）同分词八、单词（实词）名词：表示人或事物的名称。 见附表1代词：指代人或事物。 见附表2动词：表示动作或状态。 见附表3形容词：表示人或事物的特

12、征。 见附表4副词：表示行为特征或性状特征。见附表4数词：表示数量或顺序。 见附表5九、构词法构词方法举例合成法blackboard, man-made, overthrow, however, everyone转化法hand(n.)hand(v.) break(n.)break(n.) empty(adj.)empty派生法加前缀：dis-, in-, re-, un-, non-加后缀：-able, -al, -an, -ful, -ive, -er, -ese, -ist, -ment, -ness, -tion, -fy, -ian, -ing, -is(z)e, -ly, -teen

13、, -ty, -th, -y附表1 名词可数名词个体名词teacher, student, piano功能集体名词family, committee, people名词在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语不可数名词物质名词wood, water, steel抽象名词friendship, progress专有名词John, Smith, Beijing名词所有格由名词右上方+s或“”构成。如：Womens Day, students reading-room, Toms uncle名词的复数可数名词数量在二或二以上。构成略。附表2 代词代词类别例 词功 能人称代词主格I, yo

14、u, he, she, it, we, you, they只做主语宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them做及物动词或介词的宾语物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their只做定语名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs做主语、宾语、表语反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves做宾语、同位语、表语指示代词this, that

15、, these, those做主语、宾语、定语、表语相互代词each other, one another做宾语疑问代词who, whom, what, which, whose, etc.引出疑问句关系代词that, who, whom, whose, etc.连接定语从句不定代词some, any, no, either, neither, all, none, each, somebody, no one, everybody, etc.视情况而定，一般的可做定语、主语、宾语等附表3 动词附表3.1 谓语动词附表3.1.1 时态时 态构 成时间特点一般现在时动词原形（第三人称单数+s）a

16、lways, usually, often, sometimes, every,etc.一般过去时动词过去式yesterday, the day before yesterday, the other day, last,ago, etc.一般将来时will（shall）+动词原形tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next, in two days, etc.be going to+动词原形过去将来时would+动词原形多用于间接引语的宾语从句中现在进行时am（is, are）+现在分词now, during these days, etc.过去进行时was（

17、were）+现在分词at eight（this time）yesterday, etc.现在完成时have（has）+过去分词already, just, yet, since, for, etc.过去完成时had+过去分词by,before, etc.现在完成进行时have（has）+been+现在分词for, since, etc.附表3.1.2 语态主动语态主语为施动者 如：We study English, French, Russian, Italian and Chinese.被动语态主语为受动者构成be+过去分词 如：He is respected by us all.注意：被动

18、语态也有时态的变化，也可以与情态动词一起使用。如：The road is being built now. This machine can be used to detect gold. 附表3.1.3 虚拟语气一、带条件句和结果句的虚拟语气虚拟类型条件句主 句与现在事实相反过去式（be用were）should, would, could, might +原形动词与过去事实相反had +过去分词should, would, could, might +have +过去分词与将来事实相反should +原形动词were to+原形动词过去式should, would, could, might

19、 +原形动词二、其它形式的虚拟句A虚拟条件句有时被介词短语代替或省略虚拟条件句或主句。Bwish, suggest, demand, propose等词后面的宾语从句的谓语用should（可省略）+原形动词表虚拟C在wish后面的宾语从句中，谓语用过去时态表虚拟。DIt is time that we went home. May you succeed! 等为特殊虚拟句。 附表3.2 非谓语动词类 别形式（以do为例）功 能动名词doing做主语、表语、宾语、定语不定式to do做主语、宾语、宾补（在let, make, see, feel, notice等动词后做宾补时不带to）、表语、状

20、语、定语分词现在分词doing做定语、表语、状语、宾补（常用在see, find, feel, keep, get, have等动词之后）过去分词done注意：不定式和现在分词有时态、语态的变化。见下表（以do为例）时态语态一般时进行时完成时完成进行时主动语态不定式to doto be doingto have doneto have been doing现在分词doing-having done-被动语态不定式to be done-to have been done-现在分词being done-having been done-附表4 形容词和副词项目功能形容词做定语、表语、宾补副词做状语

21、、表语、定语、宾补常用句型Aas+原级+as；not so（as）+原级+asB比较级+thanCthe+最高级+介词短语Done of the+最高级+名词复数Ethe more, the more比较级和最高级构成略附表5 数词基数词功能做主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语读法三要点A记31个词：基数词119，2029整十位数和hundred, thousand, million, billionB会读个、十、百位数C由右向左每三位数前的逗号分别读做thousand, million和billion,逗号之间的按百位以内的数读注意A表示“几百”、“几千”时，hundred, thousand等

22、词不加sBhundred, thousand等词为复数时做名词，表示“数量很多”的意思序数词构成A一般的基数词后+th，多位数的基数词只变最后一位。如：tententhB整几十的基数词，去掉词尾的y再加ieth，如：thirtythirtiethC几个不规则词：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth 功能做定语，前面加the；年、月、日中的日；表示“第几”时；分数中的分母听辨 音从所给的三个选项中选出所听到的单词或短语语句理解根据所听句子，判断是否与所给句子相符、相近或选择答案情景反应根据所听内容，作出相应反应或选出正确的应答语对

23、话理解根据所听到的简短对话及所提出的问题，判断是否与所给句子相符或选择正确答案语篇理解根据所听到的一段对话、独白或短文内容及所提出的问题，选择正确答案或填入所缺单词写 常见题材叙述文说明文描写文议论文应用文看图作文基本构成主题部分发展部分结尾部分基本思路确立主题列出大纲搜集材料选择材料罗列材料 说基本要求学会用英语思维注意培养英语语感正确区分交际场合了解英语社交功能 读基本技能准确获取有效信息的能力领会推断隐含意义的能力扫读（scanning） 略读（skimming） 基本题型及解题思路掌握语篇或段落主旨大意从文章或段落中找出主题句理解文中某些（事实）细节如数字等，可直接从文中找出对文章进行

24、概括、归纳，推断深层含义根据事实、细节、自然景物等的描写，从单句或短文中进行推断判断词义从句子结构、段落、文章中推断借助作者对词义的解释运用常识进行判断根据构词法推断词义领会作者意图，理解人物性格根据人物对话、动作或心境等判断辨认图形及数据推理根据文章提供的事实、细节等推断日常交际用语1. 问候Greetings a. Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi. How are you? Fine, thank you, and you? Very well, thank you. b. Best wishes/regards to. Please gi

25、ve my regards/love to. Say hello to. Please remember me to.2.介绍Introductions a. This is Mr /Mrs/Miss/comrade. May I introduce you to. Id like you to meet. b. How do you do? Nice/Glad/Pleased to see/meet you. Nice meeting you, Mr/Mrs/Miss. c. My name is. Im a (student/teacher, etc.). d. Im Chinese.3.

26、 告别Farewellsa. Im afraid I must be leaving now.I think its time for us to leave now.Its time I met/did. I have to go now.b. Good-bye! (Bye-bye! Bye!) See you later/tomorrow (See you). Good night.4. 感谢和应答Thanks and responsesa. Thank you (very much).Thanks a lot.Many thanks.Thanks for.b. Its very kind

27、 of you to. Not at all. Its/Thats all right. Youre welcome.5. 祝愿、祝贺和应答Good wishes,congratulations and responses a. Good luck!I wish you good luck/success!Good journey (to you)!Have a good trip.Have a nice/good time.b. Id like to congratulate you on. Thank you.c. The same to you.Happy New Year!Merry

28、Christmas!Happy birthday to you.6. 道歉、遗憾和应答 Apologies, regrets, sympathies and responsesa. Sorry/Pardon. Im sorry.Im sorry for /about. Im sorry to.(have +v.-ed)/that. b. Excuse me (for.). Im afraid of. What a pity/shame! Its a pity that. c. Thats all right. It doesnt matter. Thats nothing.7.邀请与应答 Invitations and responses a. Will you come to.? Would you like to. Id like to invite you to. b. Yes, Id love to (.). Yes, its very kind/nice of you. c. Id love to, but.8.提供（帮助等)和应