一步登天.docx

1、一步登天一步登天”的高考英语五大阅读考点 在多年的教学过程中时常有同学问我：“老师，阅读有没有一步登天的技巧?使我只读文章的一部分和提干就能选择出正确的答案?”我说：“有。”同学接着问：“那阅读有没有一步登天的技巧?使我不读文章只读提干及选项就能选择出正确的答案?” 我说：“有。”这些同学两眼冒着绿光，接着问：“那阅读有没有一步登天的技巧?使我不读文章不读提干只读选项就能选择出正确的答案?” 我说：“有。”这些同学当时就崩溃了，用注视着外星人的眼光注视着我，用极其贪婪的语调接着问：“那阅读有没有一步登天的技巧?使我不读文章不读提干不读选项就能选择出正确的答案?” 我说：“一定，没有。”其实，不

2、读文章不读提干不读选项，也不是一点方法都没有，比如针对高考的同学你可以统计一下历年高考中那个选项正确的概率最高，你就猜哪一个，至少你正确的概率大于25%.那只读文章的一部分和提干就能选择出正确的答案，有什么技巧可言呢?我把它暧昧的叫做“五大常考考点”。那不读文章不读提干只读选项就能选择出正确的答案，抑或不读文章不读提干不读选项就能选择出正确的答案，有什么技巧可言呢?我把它骄傲的称为“十大无赖原则”。今天我给大家讲解的就是可爱的五大常考考点。第一点：开头结尾常考在高中阶段，我们常见的文章体裁有三种，分别是记叙文、说明文、议论文。记叙文开头交待文章的时间、地点、人物关系，结尾往往总结出文章的主旨抑

3、或有几句含金量很高的句子，可以作为推断题细节题滋生的天然土壤。说明文开头总写，每段第一句话总写该段段意，最后一段下结论，总结全文。议论文开头引出话题抑或提出论点，最后一段总结论点。从中同学们可以看出，无论是记叙文、说明文、议论文，文章中最重要最帅气的段落，往往是开头结尾，所以对于开头结尾我们一定要认真理解，尤其是文章中的最后一段的最后一句话。例文：All were there to explore the ocean depths and to make plans for the use of its resources. Scientists hope to find enough min

4、eral， vegetable， and animal wealth there to provide food for the entire world.1. The author wants to tell us_.A. that scientists try to measure the ocean depthsB. that scientists try to make use of resourcesC. that the plant and animal life in the ocean remain unknownD. that scientists try to explor

5、e life in the ocean and make use of it点评：这是一道主旨题，通过文章的最后一段我们可以知道，正确答案是D.这题我我们也可以利用“十大无赖原则”中的综合选项原则，只读选项发现D选项是A、B选项的综合，所以D选项正确的概率比较高。第二点：因果关系常考一篇文章中出现because/for/since/so/as a result等表示原因抑或结果的词引导的语句，往往含金量非常高，是出题老师出细节题的最爱。例文：Fus soup became the talk of the town. Many people came to see him. Once a res

6、taurant owner asked him what was in the soup. “Ill tell you，” Fu said. “But if your restaurant going to sell the soup you must call it brains because of its shape and colour. And your restaurant should be renamed after my mother. ”1. The food is called brains becauseA. it looks like brains B. it has

7、 animal brains in itC. Fus mother liked the name D. it makes one clever and live longer2. Before Fu told the restaurant owner what was in the food， one of the things he demanded was thatA. the restaurant shouldnt offer any other foodB. the restaurant should use his mothers nameC. the shape of the fo

8、od must never be changedD. the food must be used to help sick people点评：这同样是一篇文章的最后一段，出现了两道题目，而且第一题可以通过文中because of its shape and colour.选择正确答案A.第二题这有最后一句话after my mother以母之名，可知选择B.第三点：转折关系常考我们在听力中经常听到某个男孩子约女孩子出去玩，女孩子一般回答。Id love to， but I am busy now.显然强调的不是Id love to而是but I am busy now.阅读中也是一样，出现bu

9、t/however/whereas等表示转折的词引导的语句往往成为细节题的出题点。例文：All these early dives were deep. But the divers could not stay down for very long. They had to come back up to the surface after a few seconds. Scientists needed to stay down longer to study life below surface. Gradually they succeeded， Cousteau， a Frenchm

10、an， was able to keep men down to a depth of 36 feet for one month and to a depth of 90 feet for a week.1. Which of the following statements is true?A. The early divers could not stay down for very longB. Up to now only five women scientists have stayed in the undersea laboratoryC. The purpose of und

11、ersea laboratories is to make plans for the resources in the oceanD. It is easy to explore the plant and animal life in the deep ocean点评：通过文章中的All these early dives were deep. But the divers could not stay down for very long我们可以知道正确答案是A.而其中的B选项可以利用“十大无赖原则”中的绝对化选项原则将其排除，因为出现only等绝对化的选项过于极端，往往是错误选项。 第

12、四点：比较关系常考这点同学们平时注意得很少，但是如果同学们有心，可以回去看一看你们考过的卷子就会发现比较关系出现的地方，十之八九都会有考题出现，当然这里的比较关系及包括了比较级也包括了最高级。原因很简单，比较关系涉及几个事物之间的比较，能够很好地说明事物的特征，这样的句子，对于出题老师来说具有很大的诱惑力。例文：Along the way， Pittsburgh University has learned a great deal about some of its heat producers. The harder a student studies， the more heat his

13、 body gives off. Boy students send out more heat than girl students， and the larger a student， the more heat he produces. It sounds rather reasonable to draw the following conclusion that the hottest prospect for the Pittsburgh University would be a hardworking， overweight boy student who is very cl

14、ever in the university.1. Which of the following persons would produce the least heat?A. A fat boy students who is clever and studies hardB. A thin girl students who is not clever and does not study hardC. A thin boy students who is clever and studied hardD. A fat girl students who is both clever an

15、d hardworking2. In the last sentence， the “hottest prospect” refers toA. the person who produces the most heatB. the person who suffers most from heatC. the person who takes in the most heatD. the person who bears the most heat点评：由原文中比较级出现的部分不难得出第一题答案为B，第二题答案为A.第五点：数字关系常考文章中的数字，表明时间、特征量间的数量关系，对于说明事物

16、特征具有文字所不能及的作用。例文：In the United States Government， the laws are made by the Congress， which has the House of Representatives and the Senate. They are almost equal in power. The House of Representatives is larger than the Senate whose 100 members serve for six years. The 435 members of the House are e

17、lected every two years， and the number from each state is determined by the population of the state.1. The House of Representatives has more members than the Senate.A. 100 B. 435C. 535 D. 335点评：由原文The House of Representatives is larger than the Senate whose 100 members serve for six years. The 435 m

18、embers of the House are elected every two years可知答案为D.文中出现的数字为100和435，运用了减法。数字题往往需运用简单的四则运数，但是绝对不可能出现开平方，求微分等高级的数学运数。 高考英语“十大考点路标”熟悉篇章阅读的常设题处，有助于考生明确阅读重点，利用这些“路标”，迅速地找到正确答案，提高答题的速度和准确率。从笔者对2009-2013年历年5年的真题来看，读文章时同学们需特别留意“十大考点路标”。苏州新东方高中英语教研组将北京、上海、福建、江苏、浙江、湖北、山东、重庆、广东九个省市09-13年近五年的答案最常出题的地方进行统计，发现以

19、下十处地方是考题常设之处：1. 各段首末句2. 转折处3. 条件、因果、目的处4. 中文翻译处5. 特殊标点处6. 列举处7. 比较，对比处8. 数字处9. 长难句10. 灭绝师太处具体考察频率及排名详见表一表一. 2009年-2013年九省市考题常设处及其排名现笔者根据十大考点路标出现频率的高低，结合2009到2013年最新高考题逐一详解十大考点路标及其应对策略。一、各段首尾句处西方人习惯用总分总的演绎方式来写作：即文章一开始先提出自己的核心观点，然后具体一步步论证。笔者将这种写作方式概括成“倒立菱形结构”，如下图示：即便具体到每个段落这样的微单元，也遵循这个“倒立菱形结构” ，即因此，从以

20、上2个菱形我们可以得出结论，一般文章的主题段往往出现在首末段。同理，段落的主题句出现在该段的首末句。作为文章或者段落大意提纲挈领的概括，首末段和每段的首末句经常被作为高考阅读题设题的出处，而且大多是考查对文章或段落主旨的理解。例1： 13山东卷B篇第二段Many of Gershwins songs were first written for musical plays performed in theatres in New York City. These plays were a popular form of entertainment in the 1920s and 1930s.

21、 Many of his songs have remained popular as ever.Over the years they have been sung and played in every possible way from jazz to country.61. Many of Gershwins musical works were _ .A. written about New YorkersB. Composed for Paul WhitemanC. played mainly in the countrysideD. performed in various wa

22、ys解析：选(D)。从本段最后一句话我们可以得出，Gershwin的作品以爵士或乡村音乐等各种各样的形式被演唱和弹奏，这点与我们D选项“他的音乐以各种方式被表演出来。”细细观察该段最后一句和D选项，我们会发现perform 与been sung and played是标准的同意替换，every possible way 与various ways也是标准的同意替换。 同意替换是我们在下一章讲细节题时的主要点。二、转折处作者常常会借用转折连词或副词来引出某项重要的事实或观点，转折词之后的内容往往表达的是作者写作的真实目的、观点或态度，而这又常常是文章中心关键所在，因此命题者会围绕这些地方出题。一

23、般而言，作者常常借用转折连词来引出文章或段落的主旨大意。在表示转折关系的词中，however是阅读中引起语义或文义转折的常用连词，命题人常就该词后面的内容进行命题，but和yet出现在段首或一个理论或现象刚刚说完之后，表示语义出现重大转折，其后与其前的内容常常会有很大差别。具体举例：通过竹子的介绍，佳佳和小文第一次见面。之后，竹子问小文对佳佳的第一印象怎么样? 小文回到说： Although Jiajia is a bit fat, she is beautiful. 请回答，小文对佳佳的第一影响怎样?A. Jiajia is a bit fat. B. Jiajia is beautiful

24、.答案是B。重点仍然是强调漂亮， although其后句子Jiajia is a bit fat不重要，而She is beautiful 才是最重要。例1：13年上海 C篇第二段In some modern countries it has for some time been fashionable to think that by free education for allone can solve all the problems of society and build a perfect nation.But we can already see that free educat

25、ion for all is not enough.We find in such countries a far larger number of people with university degree.They refuse to do what they think “low” work, and, in fact, work with hands is thought to be dirty and shameful in such countries. But we have only to think a moment to understand that the work o

26、f a completely uneducated farmer is far more important than that of a professor. We can live without education, but we die if we have no food.If no one cleaned our streets and took the rubbish away from our houses，we should get terrible diseases in our towns.64. The writer of the passage thinks that

27、 _ .A. education can settle most of the worlds problemsB. free education for all probably leads to a perfect worldC. free education wont help to solve problemsD. all the social problems cant be solved by education解析：选(D)。从本段第二句But we can already see that free education for all is not enough可得出答案。but

28、是转折处，其后内容应做注记。从这句话得知，免费的教育对于我们来说并不够，不能解决所有的问题，与D选项all the social problems cant be solved by education，教育并不能解决所有的社会问题，意思是一致的，所以是D选项是正确答案。常见的表示转折关系的连词或副词除了however, but, yet以外，还有 or，nevertheless, while ,though, although, at the same time等。另外值得注意的是， indeed, in fact, practically也常常用来表示前后语义的转折。所以同学们今后看到ho

29、wever, but, yet, nevertheless, indeed, in fact, practically, 重点关注其后的内容。而看到while, though, although等让步关系的标志词, 紧跟其后的句子不用关注，重点关注其主句部分。 这点在五大微读中我们会详细介绍，在此不再赘述。三、条件、因果、目的处 看到这个标题，同学们就要去想，为什么条件、因果、目的容易考? 其实，细心的同学不难发现，高考阅读的题目一般是有why, because, the purpose of something is to 这样的字眼;再者，表示条件、因果、目的的关系词诸多，比如表条件，除了

30、if, unless之外，还有on condition that, provided that等，因为表示这三类关系的词多，所以可以形成很好的词与词之间的同意替换，比如2013年江苏卷的第66题题干arose from与原文第三段最后一句because of 的同意替换。下面我们通过题目具体证实。例1：2013广东D篇第三段In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The tec

31、hnology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general.Only with solid measures against cheating, experts say, can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid that students havent just searched the Internet to get the right answers.43.For Internet universities, exams and diplomas will be validif_.A. they can attract potential studentsB. they can defeat academic cheatingC. they offer students