语法专题过去分词与被动语态.docx

1、语法专题过去分词与被动语态语法专题过去分词与被动语态过去式用来表达动词得“过了”、“完了”等意思,汉语里表达动作得时间时采用得就是前后加字法,即在动词得前面或后面加字,表达做了,只要在动词得后面加上“了”就行了,如吃了、瞧了。而英语采用得就是变形法,即不加字,而就是让动词本身发生变化,如eat变成ate,see变成saw,ate、saw就就是表达“吃过了”、“瞧过”得过去式。“过去分词”则完全就是另一回事,它得写法与过去式有时一样,有时不一样(简单词多不一样,长词多一样),但用法完全不一样,它有时表达“被”,有时表达“完成”。表达“被”即被动语态,表达“完成”即用于完成时态。另外,过去分词不仅

2、可以做动词,还可以做形容词。一、过去分词构成规则过去分词与过去式都就是由动词变化而来,存在规则与不规则2种变化。过去分词得规则变化由动词+ed构成,具体构成方法与过去式一样。不规则变化见下表:1、 AAA型(原形原形原形)序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01cutcutcut切,割02costcostcost花费03hithithit撞击04hurthurthurt伤害05letletlet让06putputput放07readreadread读08setsetset安排,设置2、 ABA型(原形过去式原形)序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01beebecamebee成为02ecamee来03ru

3、nranrun跑3、 ABC型(1)原形ewown序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01blowblewblown吹02flyflewflown飞03growgrewgrown生长04knowknewknown知道(2)iau序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01beginbeganbegun开始02drinkdrankdrunk喝03ringrangrung打电话04singsangsung唱05swimswamswum游泳(3)原形过去式过去式+(e)n序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01choosechosechosen选择02forgetforgotforgotten忘记03freezefroz

4、efrozen冻04speakspokespoken说,讲05breakbrokebroken破坏(4)原形过去式原形+(e)n序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01eatateeaten吃02fallfellfallen落下03givegavegiven给04seesawseen瞧见05writewrotewritten写06rideroderidden骑07drawdrewdrawn画08taketooktaken拿09hidehidhidden躲藏(5)原形过去式过去分词序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01bewas/werebeen就是02gowent gone去03dodiddone做4、

5、 ABB型序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01bringbroughtbrought带来02buyboughtbought买03fightfoughtfought打架,争吵04thinkthoughtthought思考,认为05catchcaughtcaught捉,抓06teachtaughttaught教07fellfeltfelt感到08keepkeptkept保持09leaveleftleft离开10sleepsleptslept睡觉11sweepsweptswept打扫12dealdealtdealt处理13meanmeantmeant意思就是14buildbuiltbuilt建造15h

6、earheardheard听见16makemademade制造17sendsentsent送,寄18spendspentspent花费;度过19havehadhad有20laylaidlaid放21loselostlost丢失22paypaidpaid付钱23saysaidsaid说24sellsoldsold卖25standstoodstood站26understandunderstoodunderstood明白,理解27telltoldtold告诉28feedfedfed喂29findfoundfound发现;找到30getgotgot得到31holdheldheld握,拥有32meetm

7、etmet遇见33sitsatsat坐34winwonwon赢5、 具有2种变化序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01burnburnedburned烧burntburnt02dreamdreameddreamed做梦dreamtdreamt03hanghangedhanged(被)绞死hunghung挂04learnlearnedlearned学learntlearnt05lieliedlied说谎laylain躺,放平06smellsmelledsmelled闻smeltsmelt07wakewakedwaked醒wokewoken08beatbeatbeat打beatbeaten二、被动语态

8、及其用法1、 什么就是被动语态语态就是动词得一种形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间得关系。英语得语态共有两种:主动语态与被动语态。主动语态表示主语就是动作得执行者,被动语态表示主语就是动作得承受者。被动语态就是动词得一种特殊形式,一般说来,只有需要动作对象得“及物动词”才有被动语态。如果一个动词后面必须跟宾语,这个动词就就是及物动词(用vt、表示),如give, say, eat等;不跟宾语得动词则称为不及物动词(用vi、表示),如walk, e, arrive等。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”、“由”等词来表示被动意义。eg、(1)He opened the door、 她打开了这扇门。(主

9、动语态)(2)The door was opened、 这扇门被打开了。(被动语态) (3)The door was opened by him、 这扇门被她打开了。(被动语态) 第(3)句话用by引出了open得执行者him。by就是介词,后须跟he得宾格。当然,当不想说出动作得执行者时,可表达第(2)句话。2、 被动语态得构成 被动语态得结构就是:be动词+及物动词得过去分词被动语态得时态、主语单复数等变化只需改变be动词得形式,过去分词部分不变。疑问式与否定式得变化也如此。 eg、(1)Her room is swept、(一般现在时,主语就是单数)(2)Their rooms are

10、swept、 (一般现在时,主语就是复数)(3)Her room was swept yesterday、 (一般过去时)(4)Her room is being swept now、 (现在进行时S be Ving)(5)Her room was being swept at this time yesterday、 (过去进行时,S be Ving)(6)Her room is going to be swept tomorrow、 (一般将来时)(7)Her room should be swept、 (含有情态动词,情态动词后跟动词原形)我们发现,无论就是什么时态、主语就是单数还就是复

11、数,被动语态得be动词都不能弄丢,但需要随着时态、主语得单复数得变化而变化,“情态动词后跟动词原形”得语法规则不能变。3、被动语态得用法(1)不知道或没有必要指出谁就是动作得执行者时。eg、The bridge was built last year、 这座桥就是去年建造得。He was elected chairman、 她被选为主席。 (2)当更加强调动作得承受者时。此时动作得执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后,不需要时可以省略。eg、The room hasnt been cleaned yet、 房间还没有打扫。The tiger was killed by him、 老虎被她杀死了。

12、(3)当动作得执行者不就是人时,多用被动语态。eg、The window was blown by wind、 窗户被风吹开了。The whole village has been washed away by the flood、 整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。 (4)表示客观得说明常用“It be(随时态选择be动词)+ 过去分词 + that 从句”句型。it就是形式主语,真正得主语就是that从句。eg、It is said that Lucy has gone abroad、 据说露茜已经出国了。It is believed that he is a spy、 (=He is believ

13、ed to be a spy、) 大家相信她就是个间谍。其它常见得“It is + 过去分词+ that”句型还有:It is reported that 据报道It is said that 据说It is believed that 大家相信It is suggested that 有人建议4、主动语态变为被动语态(1)将主动句得宾语变为主语 Tom killed him、 He was killed by Tom、 (2)将动词改为“be+过去分词”They held a meeting yesterday、 A meeting was held by them yesterday、她们

14、昨天开会了。 (3)主动语态变为被动语态得注意事项主动句中得主语如果就是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人们”、“大家”得单词,变为主动句时,通常删去“by”,但原主语被强调者除外。eg、They set up this hospital in 1975、 This hospital was set up in 1975、 这所医院建于1975年。Only he can finish the job、 只有她能完成这项工作。The job can be finished only by him、 这项工作只能由她来完成。 含有双宾语,即直接宾语与间接

15、宾语得句子,每个宾语都可变为被动语态得主语,即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。eg、 Jack told us the truth、 杰克告诉了我们真相。 We were told the truth by Jack、 The truth was told (to) us by Jack、在主动语态中,make, let, see, hear, notice, feel ,watch等后常跟复合宾语,即宾语与宾语补足语,当宾语补足语由动词不定式(短语)来充当时,动词不定式得to被省略。但在被动语态中,这个to不能省略。eg、I often hear her sing this po

16、pular song、 She is often heard to sing this popular song、上句就是主动语态,sing this popular song就是省略to得动词不定式短语,在句中作宾语补足语,即句型:hear sb、 do sth、;下句就是对应得被动语态,to sing this popular song 中得to不能省略。动词得主动形式表示被动之意以主动形式表示被动之意得动词多为连系动词,如:look, feel, smell等。动词happen, cost, take, have没有被动语态。eg、An accident was happened yes

17、terday、()An accident happened yesterday、()昨天发生了一起事故。The flower smells sweet、 这花闻起来很香。The watch looks good、 这表瞧起来很好。This book sells well、 这本书畅销。有时部分“be + 过去分词”得结构并不表达“被动”含义,这样得过去分词有lost(lose得过去分词),broken(break得过去分词)等,它们其实就是形容词,意思分别就是“丢失得;失落得”、“损坏得,破碎得”。eg、 My eraser was lost、 I feel so lost、 我得橡皮丢了,我

18、很失落。 Her heart is broken、 我得心碎了。三、各种时态得被动语态举例1.一般现在时(am/ is/ are +done)English is spoken by lots of people in the world、 世界上得许多人都说英语。Class meeting is held every Thursday、 每周四都举行班会。The classroom is cleaned by the students every day、 学生们每天都打扫教室。 2.一般过去时(was/ were +done)The cup was broken by the boy、 杯

19、子被那个男孩打碎了。He was saved at last、 她最终获救了。My bike was stolen、 我得自行车被偷了。 3.一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)A speech will be given this afternoon、 今天下午有一个演讲。A new road will be built next year、 明年要修一条新马路。I thought thousands of people would be helped、 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。 4.现在进行时与过去进行时(am/

20、 is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday、 昨天这时,机器正在被修理。The problem is being discussed now、 问题正在被讨论。A bus is being pushed by the passengers、 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。 5.现在完成时(have/ has been + done)Two hundred trees have been planted by now、 到现在为止,已经种了二百棵树了。

21、The book has been read many times by me、 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict、 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。 6.过去完成时(had been + done)They said they had been invited to the party、 她们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。She found the house had been destroyed by the storm、 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。He had been torture

22、d by the illness for many years before he died、四、被动语态专项练习、 单项选择 1、 Good books _ again and again、A、 should be readed B、 should be readC、 must read D、 ought to read 2、 The children _ by the nurse、A、 were looked B、 looked afterC、 were looked after D、 looked 3、 He _ some pieces of advice, but he _ to th

23、em、A、 gave, didnt listen B、 was given, wasnt listenedC、 give, wasnt listened D、 was given, didnt listen 4、 When_ the accident _ ?A、 was, happen B、 did, happenC、 is, happen D、 was, happened 5、 The question _ by us soon、A、 is going to discuss B、 will discussC、 is going to be discussed D、 has been disc

24、ussed 6、 The lab _ about five years ago、A、 was builded B、 was built C、 builds D、 has been built 7、 A lot of tall buildings _ in his hometown in the last three years、A、 have set up B、 have been set upC、 were set up D、 set up 8、 They _ printing 500 copies by the end of last month、A、 had finished B、 ha

25、ve finishedC、 had been finished D、 have been finished 9、 Rice _ also _ in their hometown、A、 isgrown B、 isgrew C、 wasgrew D、 wasgrown 10、 He _ by the teachers、A、 is always praised B、 praisesC、 have been praised D、 always is praised 11、 Great changes _ place、 Many new schools_ 、A、 have taken, have bee

26、n opened B、 take, are openC、 are taken, open D、 have been taken, are opened 12、 The picture_ in October, 1996、A、 was taking B、 had been takenC、 was taken D、 had taken 13、 We cant use the bridge now, because it_ 、A、 has been repaired B、 is repairingC、 is repaired D、 is being repaired 14、 I _the way t

27、o the railway station by a policeman、A、 was shown B、 showed C、 have shown D、 was showing 15、 The war_ in 1941、A、 broke out B、 had been broken outC、 was broken out D、 had broken out 16、 When water_ , it will be changed into vapor、A、 is heated B、 heatingC、 has heated D、 heats 17、 We cant enter the room because its door_ 、A、 lo