高考阅读理解题常见干扰项设置手法.docx

1、高考阅读理解题常见干扰项设置手法高考阅读理解题常见干扰项设置手法阅读理解是高考试卷中分值最大题型。近年来随着高考命题指导思想发展，阅读理解题考查角度越来越灵活多变。其干扰选项设置不仅能检测出考生理解、概括、推理等逻辑思维精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一种检验，因此，它常使很多考生陷入误区。阅读理解干扰项设置其实有一定规律可循，如果做题时能够把握干扰项特点，准确捕捉选项错误信息点或不合题目要求信息点，迅速排除干扰项，对提高解题准确率必将起到事半功倍作用。奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程,九天让你英语成绩华丽转身，来不及不是时间，而是行动，心动就马上行动，当你还在犹豫时候，先报名童鞋已经甩

2、你很远了。一般说来，阅读理解中客观事实题干扰项设置手法体现在下列几个原则：1包含项原则在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项理解概括了对其它三项 (或其中某一项)理、解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在“花”与“玫瑰”两选项中，正确答案肯定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰,因为玫瑰肯定是花，但花并不一定是玫瑰。Living in a residence hall （学生宿舍）carries certain obligation.（义务）. You have to be considerate ofothers, especially during study hour

3、s. Telephone calls and visits by friendsshould be short. You have to cooperate in keeping the room as sanitary（卫生） as possible. It is sometimeshard to be tolerant（容忍）of another persons habits that may differ from your own.Q: What must you learn to be tolerant of if you livein a dormitory?A. Your roo

4、mmates telephone calls B.Habits that may differ from your ownC. Visits by your roommates friends D. Roommates who are unsanitary【原文题意】:住学生宿舍要受一些约束。你必须要考虑他人习惯，特别是在学习时间。打电话及接待朋友来访时间尽量要短。你还得齐心协力与室友尽可能保持好寝室卫生。有时候你是很难容忍别人不同生活习惯。个案解析：从四个选项分析中我们可以看出，选项B“与你不同生活习惯”其实就包含并概括了其他三选项，即A室友电话、C室友朋友来访、D室友不爱卫生，这些都是你不

5、能接受生活习惯。如果我们可以选A、C、D任一选项，那么B也可以选，但正确答案只有一个，所以我们只能选B。Q: The three examples are cited to show that_.A. Quit smoking is necessary B. Healthy habits benefit our healthC. Fruits and vegetables are better than milk D. We should drink more water everyday.个案解析：答案为B。 显而易见，B为包含项，概括了A、C、D三项，即 “quit smoking, ha

6、ve more fruits and vegetables anddrink more water”都是“Healthyhabits”。Q: In the building of the rail lines, _.A. more equipment made in China should beusedB. more imported equipment should be usedC. more exported equipment should be usedD. more equipment used in infrastructure（基础） projects should be u

7、sed个案解析：正确答案为A。选项A命题（应该使用更多国产设备）包含了选项C命题（应该使用更多出口设备），关注奇速英语公众微信号qisuen，因为出口设备本身就意味着它是国产设备。包含项原则预示：选项中内容全面、概况性强，往往是正确答案。2正反项原则所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述命题完全相矛盾。根据形式逻辑排中律知识：两个相互矛盾判断不能都是假，其中必有一真。所以在阅读理解中，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中取其一。They feel they are poor listeners when they thinkabout something el

8、se while the other is talking or when they are tired, or notinterested in what she or he is talking about. Most people listen only withtheir ears.Q: According to the passage, listening only with earsmay happen to us when_A. we are emotionally tired B. we are physically disabledC. we are so intereste

9、d in the topic D. we are asked many questions【原文题意】:当他们心不在焉, 感到厌倦,或对他/她谈论话题不感兴趣时候，他们就会觉得自己不是一个好听众了。他们大多数人仅仅是用耳朵而非用心去听。个案解析：四个选项中，A与C陈述互相矛盾,互为正反项。我们什么时候不会用心去听? A我们情绪厌倦时候，C我们对话题很感兴趣时候。显然这两个选项是矛盾正反判断，只有一个而且必有一个是真，所以我们可以先排除B、D选项，然后再结合我们下文将要提及常识项原则，可以把答案确定为A。再看一例：The main problem is that our neighbor wor

10、lds appear tobe unsuitable for advanced life forms. The moon may be the case first, it hashardly any atmosphere. Venus is little better, but the surfaces temperatureis very high. Mars with thin atmosphere and little water cannot support theliving necessity of the animals.Q: There is unlikely any lif

11、e on Venus because_.A. it has very thin atmosphere B.the surface temperature is too hotC. the weather is too cold D. it is extremely short of water个案解析：B项（表面温度太热）与C项（气候太寒冷）语义相反互为正反项。根据正反项原则，可以排除A、D项，然后在B、C项中选其一，这样，考生至少可以在不看原文前提下把答案命中率从25%提高到50。其实，此题为细节题，根据原文第三句，我们可以把答案确定为B。奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程,九天让你英语成绩华丽转

12、身，来不及不是时间，而是行动，心动就马上行动，当你还在犹豫时候，先报名童鞋已经甩你很远了。正反项原则预示: 陈述内容或基调完全相反两选项往往有一个是正确答案。3委婉项原则所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less,relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition，tend to，be liabl

13、e to等等，而含有绝对语气表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, the most,all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。Q: According to the first two paragraphs, _.A. the use of water is a completely new conceptB. the sea has already long been used as a way ofpowerC. water is a source of energy

14、far more economicalthan any other energiesD. water, if properlyhandled, may present a promising solution to energy crisis.个案解析：很明显，根据委婉原则，正确答案应该为D, 其他三项都含有过于肯定语气词，如：completely, has already, far morethan any other。而选项D比较委婉，if分词短语使说话留有余地，情态动词may使语气相对平缓。再如：Q: The opinion of the writer is that_.A. there

15、 may be otherintelligent beings in the universeB. there are other intelligent beings in theuniverseC. people living on the earth are almost certainly the only intelligentbeings in the universeD. people living on the earth are definitely the only intelligent beingsin the universe个案解析：答案为A。根据委婉项原则，我们先

16、可以把含有绝对语气词almost，certainly， definitely，the onlyC、D项先排除，对比A、B项，我们会发现A项与B项所表达意思相近，但A项含有推测情态词may，使得它所表述语气比B项更委婉，所以答案应该为A项。Q: Which of the following is true according to thepassage?A. Working hard is a basic requirement of all employees.B. Good writing skills alone help you succeed in any fieldC. The on

17、lyqualification for getting hired by a company is good communication skillsD. While theimportance of ones ability to communicate increases, his professionalbackground may becomeincreasingly less important.个案解析：答案：D。选项A（工作努力是对所有员工最起码要求）；选项B（单凭好写作技能可使你在任何领域取得成功）、C（被聘任上唯一条件就是要有良好表达技能）都过于绝对化；选项D（当交流表达能力

18、重要性上升时，专业技术背景重要性就可能会相应降低）中“may”表推测情态动词使语气较为平缓，所以有可能是正确答案。奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程,九天让你英语成绩华丽转身，来不及不是时间，而是行动，心动就马上行动，当你还在犹豫时候，先报名童鞋已经甩你很远了。4同形项原则几个选项如存在形式与结构上相似，那它们就互为同形项。同形项组可喻为高尔夫球场上“果岭”，而正确答案就是果岭上“球洞”。命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式细微变化来考察考生理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似选项一般存在有正确答案。The development of rapid tr

19、ansit rail lines in citiesshould parallel(与平行) local economic development and blind construction ofsuch lines should be avoidedIt stressed that the amount of domestically madeequipment used in such infrastructure projects needs to be increased.Q:The rapid-transit rail lines should _.A. develop as qu

20、ickly as possible B. develop with local economic developmentC. develop after local economic development D. develop with the construction industry个案解析：答案为B。经语言形式与结构分析，我们不难发现B、C选项形式与结构相似（仅with与after一词之差）为同形项，所以可先试着排除A、D。再结合常识（常识项原则/下文）：高速路轨建设应该与地方经济互相促进、同步发展，最终确定答案为B。检验：根据原文中“parallel”（与平行）可以确定上述分析结果正

21、确。5常识项原则在议论文当中，那些符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，符合一般规律，属于普遍现象选项往往是正确答案。Trees are useful to man in three import ways: theyprovide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; and they help toprevent droughts and floods. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, man hasnot realized that the third of these

22、 services is the most important.Q: What is the most important service of trees to manaccording to the passage?A. They help him make money B. They give him wood andother productsC. They help him preventdroughts and floods D. Theygive him shade个案解析：答案为C，这是常识项。植树造林是我国一大国策，目在于防止洪涝、风沙、旱灾，这是我国公民普遍常识，所以C为正

23、确答案：树木可以帮助人类阻挡洪涝与旱灾。相对于其它三项，C项意义更加深远。 其实，根据“Unfortunately(语义转折标志)，in many parts of the world, manhas not realized that the third of these services is the most important，”我们也可以得出C项为正确答案。再如：If Mrs. Abby dies after he has paid premiums for oneor two years only, the insurance company will lose heavily.

24、But if she lives to the age of seventy orbeyond, the insurance company will make a profit.Q: According to the passage, the insurance company willmake great profits.A. If the premium（保险费）is increased so the company can earn more money eachyear.B. If nobody above seventy buys insurance againstdeath.C.

25、 If most insurancebuyers live longer than the average length of life.D. If most insurance buyers live shorter than theaverage length of life.个案解析：答案为C，这也是常识项。众所周知，保险公司之所以能盈利，那是因为被保险对象平安无事，所以，人活得越长，他交保险额就越多，保险公司利润就越高，所以C为正确答案：如果投保人比普通人活得更长。奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程,九天让你英语成绩华丽转身，来不及不是时间，而是行动，心动就马上行动，当你还在犹豫时候，先报名

26、童鞋已经甩你很远了。注意：人平均年龄往往是保险公司设置保率基准。另外，此题根据“But （语义转折标志）if she lives to the age ofseventy or beyond, the insurance company will make a profit.”也可以推断出答案为C。6因果项原则阅读理解逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题型选项中，有选项会推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理过头（止于后果），这就是所谓干扰项。关注蔡章兵主编腾讯认证空间QQ757722345，获取更多资讯。因果项原则规定：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中

27、因果关系，那么正确答案就是这两个因果项中其中之一。如果因项可以产生几个结果，那么答案就是因项；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果项。No one should be forced to wear a uniform. Uniformsare totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniform tell the world thatthe person who wears one has no value as an individual, that is, the individualin a uniform loses self-w

28、orth. There are those who say that wearing a uniformgives a sense of identification with a more important concept. But in fact, theindividual himself is the most important, if an organization is so weak that itmust rely on the uniform to inspire it members, that organizationhas not right to continue

29、 its existence. On the other hand, uniforms also hurtthe economy.Q: The authors main purpose in writing this paragraphis to_.A. show that uniform are possible in a democraticsocietyB. advocate stronger governmental controls on thewearing of uniformsC. convince the reader thatuniforms have more disad

30、vantages than advantagesD. advocate doing away with uniforms个案解析：答案为C，综合分析四个选项，我们会发现C与B、D项互为因果项，也就是说，因为C：制服弊大于利，所以B：呼吁政府采取措施控制穿制服，或D呼吁废除制服。根据因果项原则，一个原因对应了两个结果，答案应该选原因项C。本题是主旨题，根据原文，本段主要是列出制服弊端，说明制服弊大于利。B、D项为干扰项，属于推理过头。7. 张冠李戴原则即把文章作者观点与他人观点混淆起来，题干问是作者观点，选项中出现却是他人观点；或者题干问是他人观点，却把作者观点放到选项中去。或者是选项答案并非是

31、题干中主语行为或观点，而是文中其他人物行为或观点。奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程,九天让你英语成绩华丽转身，来不及不是时间，而是行动，心动就马上行动，当你还在犹豫时候，先报名童鞋已经甩你很远了。First,employers should take the responsibility for their retired employees. To makethis possible, a percentage of profits should be set aside for thispurpose.Anotherway of solving the problem is to return

32、 the responsibility, to the individual.This means each person must save during his working years to pay for his yearsof retirement.Inaddition, the government could take responsibility for the care of the elderly.This could be financed through government taxes to increase the level ofpensions.Q: Accordingto the passage, how can the government help improve lives of retired people?A. Set aside some profits to help peo