难句分析.docx

1、难句分析1倒装类难句 英语句子通常有两种语序，一种是自然语序（Natural Order），又称正装语序，另一种便是本章要介绍的倒装语序（Inverted Order）。从形式上分，倒装有两种：全部倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion）。谓语动词全部位于主语之前的称作全部倒装，例如：In front of me stood a boy. （我面前站着一个男孩。）只将谓语动词的一部分（通常是助动词或情态动词）放在主语之前的称作部分倒装，例如：Only in this way can we do it better. （只有这样，我们才能做得更好一些）

2、从使用目的区分，倒装也有两种情况，即语法倒装（Grammatical Inversion）和修辞倒装（Rhetorical Inversion）。语法倒装是由于语法规则的要求而必须进行的倒装，例如：Who called me just now？（刚才谁打给我？）修辞倒装是出于修辞的需要而把正常语序转为倒装语序，例如：Out rushed the children.（孩子们冲了出去）HFowler归纳倒装的原因有九种，即疑问、命令、惊叹、假设、平衡、衔接、点题（signpost）、否定和韵律（metrical）。这并不完全，还应加上强调和为使描写更加生动两种。在英语中，倒装句俯拾即是，用得非常普

3、遍，但汉语却很少用，所以在翻译倒装句时，仍应按原文词序翻译，并照顾汉语的习惯，以保持译文句子结构流畅、匀称。本章只列举在阅读文章中常遇到的倒装现象，以使考生熟悉英语和汉语在语序上的差异。1. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a bet

4、ter place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.第一层：Jack London 主 poured 谓 into his writings 状 all the pain 宾 of his life,定 the fierce hatred 宾 of the bourgeoisie 定 that it had produced in him ,定语从句1 and 连 the conviction 宾 it

5、had brought to him 定语从句2 that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise 同位语从句 up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters .第二层：（定语从句1）that 引 it 主 had produced 谓 in him 状（定语从句2）it 主 had brought to 谓 him 间宾（同位语从句）that 引 the world 主 could

6、 be made 谓 a better place 宾 to live in 定 if the exploited would rise up and take the man- 状语从句 agement of society out of the hands of the exploiters.第三层：（状语从句）if 引 the exploited 主 would rise up 谓 and 连 take 谓 the management 宾 of society 定 out of the hands of the exploiters 状要点本句为倒装句。如果宾语较长或宾语结构比较复杂，

7、往往将宾语后置，采用倒装语序，以使句子保持平衡。本句的宾语由三个并列的名词构成，且第二和第三个名词后又带有限定性定语从句，故采用倒装语序，将动词poured的宾语放在状语into his writings之后。all the pain，the fierce hatred和the conviction是poured的三个并列的宾语；其中，第一个that引导的定语从句修饰hatred,it had brought to him修饰conviction,在该定语从句中其关系代词作宾语而被省略；第二个that从句则是conviction的同位语从句。译文 杰克伦敦在作品中倾注了他一生中所遭受过的一切痛

8、苦，倾诉了这种痛苦在他心中产生的对资产阶级的刻骨仇恨以及由此产生的这样的信念：如果被剥削者起来反抗，从剥削者手中夺回社会管理权，那么世界就会变成一个人人有好日子过的地方。2. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.分析：Along with them 状 goes 谓 social 定 mobility,主 ambition 主

9、to rise in the 定 urban world,a main factor 同位语 in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century. 定要点 这是一个完全倒装句，主语是social mobilitycentury，谓语动词是goes.ambition to rise in the urban world 是对 social mobility的进一步说明。a main factor在意思上相当于which is a main factor incentury，修饰 ambition to world.本句可

10、按原文顺序翻译。译文 伴随他们而来的是社会的流动性，人们强烈地希望在城市里发展，这是19世纪欧洲出生率下降的主要因素。3. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.要点 句中had he grown up 是虚拟条件中省略if的倒装结构。翻译时，要把if的含

11、义译出。主句为并列谓语 compensate ， and tell结构。句中how引导宾语从句。虚拟条件句为宾语从句的状语。根据汉语的表达习惯，条件状语常前置。译文 例如，它们并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们说明不了一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大的才干。4. So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.要点 本句的基

12、本结构是the children become so involved with their computers that。因为把so involved with their computers 放在了句首，所以句子必须倒装。因为该句的动词是become，所以用do来帮助倒装。翻译时宜用正装语序。译文 参加计算机夏令营的孩子们对计算机如此着迷，以至夏令营的负责人常常不得不强迫他们停下来参加体育运动或做游戏。5. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized,it is in the interest of business to un

13、iversalize access - after all,the more people online,the more potential customers there are.要点 破折号后面的部分是用来解释句子主句的，在结构上是部分倒装句，属（从句）the比较级，（主句） the 比较级句型，这样的句子一般主谓不倒装。翻译时可用正装。universalize：使普遍化；使通用化。译文 随着国际互联网越来越商业化，普及上网会对商家有利，因为上网的人越多，潜在的顾客数量就越多。6. Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful e

14、ffects of such programs has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.要点 only是加强语气的词语，位于句首时，主谓语要倒装。这样的句子一般可按原文顺序翻译。has it been 是主句，正装应是it has been。译文 只有大量调研提供出证据表明此类节目产生不良影响后，电视节目审查政策才有可能改变。7. Unpopular as red has been in the past at the moment it is a favorite hair style.要点 这是一个主从复合句，主句是at

15、 the moment it is a favorite hair style.在让步状语从句中，作为表语的unpopular 放在 as前面位于句首，构成部分倒装。形容词as从句在意思上等于although，一般翻译成“虽然”。注意这个形容词不能放在动词后面，否则整个句子意思不同。译文 虽然过去红色不受欢迎，眼下红色染发剂却备受青睐。8. Lonely was seeing his daughter only twice a week since the divorce.要点 这是一个完全倒装句，主语是seeing his daughterdivorce.翻译时可正装。译文 他只是觉得离婚后

16、每周只能看女儿两次让他感到孤独。9. So perilous was this one that he was the only security officer on the site.要点 该句的原结构是this one was so perilous that，因为把 so perilous 放在句首，所以句子要主谓倒装。翻译时可正装。译文 做现场惟一的保安官员，这差使还真有点危险。10. In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officers trade - a desk,two telephones,

17、one scrambled（改变频率使不被窃听）for outside calls,and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.要点这是一个并列句，由and连接。第一个分句中破折号前面是一个完全倒装句，主语是 the essential tools of the intelligence officers trade.破折号后面的部分是用来解释trade.One scrambled for outside calls 等于one of which was scr

18、ambled for outside calls.第二个分句也是一个完全倒装句，只是在 to one side后面省去了动词stood.该句可按原文语序翻译，第二个分句中省去的动词应翻译出来。译文 展现在我面前的是情报官员这一行的基本用具一张写字台、两部，其中一部是变频加密外线，在我旁边是一个大型的绿色金属保险柜，其正面有一把特大号复合密码锁。2省略类难句英国大文豪莎士比亚在他的名著哈姆雷特里写过这么一句名言：Brevity is the soul of wit.（言以简洁为贵。）写文章也好，说话也好，都要求生动活泼，简单明了，因此，“简洁”乃是一篇好文章的基本要求之一。文章要做到简洁，省略法

19、（Ellipsis）是必用的。英语句子中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明确的信息而不必出现，或前面已出现的某些成分，为了避免不必要的重复，可以不再出现而不致引起误解或歧义，这种语言现象就叫作省略。例如：Glad to see you. 这是个简单句，主语I和谓语am可以省略。再如：London is on the Themes, and Paris on the Seine. 这是一个并列复合句，后半句省略了谓语动词is，因为前面已经出现过，后面不必重复。英译汉时，为了使译文明确达意，符合汉语习惯，要在正确理解原文的基础上，对原文中省略的部分或保留或补全，或对其进行灵活处理。有人将英语句子中的

20、省略现象归纳为21种，本章只涉及在英语阅读中常遇到的比较复杂的省略现象。1. The transcription needs a certain amount of editing, as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right, it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.第一层：The transcription 主 nee

21、ds 谓 a certain amount of 定 editing,宾 as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar 状语从句sounds such as write and right， it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.第二层：（状语从句）as 引 even if the computer can tell the difference between words of s

22、imilar sounds such as write and right,状语从句1 it 主 is 系 still not yet 状 able 表 to do the work 宾 as well as an inte- lligent secretary . 状语从句2第三层：（状语从句1）even if 引 the computer 主 can tell 谓 the difference 宾 between words of similar sounds 定 such as write and right 同位语（状语从句2）as well as 引 an intelligent s

23、ecretary 主要点 本句中as引导原因状语从句，其中该句还带有一个由even if引导的让步状语从句；介词短语between words of similar sounds修饰difference，such as write and right修饰words，as well as为同等比较状语从句，其中省略了与主句相同的部分。intelligent：有才智的；理解力强的。译文 译稿需要一定量的编辑工作，因为，即使计算机能够区别同音异义词，如 write和right，它仍不可能把这项工作做得像有思维能力的秘书那样好。2. If a needle is thrown at random on

24、 a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle, how often can it be expected to fall on a line and how often into a blank space？第一层：If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the

25、len- 状语从句 gth of the needle,how often 状 can 谓 it 主 be expected 谓 to fall on a line 宾 and 连 how often 状 into a blank space？状第二层：（状语从句）If 引 a needle 主 is 系 thrown 表 at random 状 on a sheet of paper 状 ruled with lines 定 whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle 定语从句第三层：（定语从句）whos

26、e 引 distance apart 主 is 系 exactly 状 equal 表 to the length of the needle 宾要点 这是复合句。在if引导的状语从句中，ruled with lines 是过去分词，作paper 的定语，whoseneedle 是 lines 的定语从句，whose distance apart 的意思是“它们之间的间隔”。主句中and 后面是个省略句，省去了 can it be expected to fall.翻译时可将英文的被动语态译成汉语的主动语态。length：长度。rule paper with lines：在纸上划平行线。译文

27、如果把一根针随机地投到一张纸上，纸上画了许多平行线，它们之间的间隔等于针的长度，那么针落在线上的几率是多少？落在空白处的几率又是多少？3. All that a man has to say or do that can possibly concern mankind,is in some shape or other to tell the story of his love - to sing,and if he is fortunate and keeps alive,he will be forever in love.要点 本句是由and连接在一起的并列句。前一个分句的主干是All

28、isto tell the story - to sing. all后面有两个that引导的定语从句，第一个that从句修饰all，第二个that指代其前的that从句，翻译时可表条件。to sing放在破折号之后，用以加强语气，其后可视为省略了宾语the story of his love,to tell和to sing是并列关系。译文 一个人应该说的或做的，只要关系到人类，那么都是以这样或那样的形式来讲述乃至讴歌自己的爱的故事；而且，如果他是幸运的、有活力的，他将永远是充满爱的。4. As families move away from their stable community,the

29、ir friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.要点 本句位并列句，前一个分句带一个As引导的状语从句，状语从句中 move away from 后为并列平行结构their ，their，their 在and后的分句

30、中， the confidence 省略了is cut off，it指的是信息被切断的情况。译文 随着家庭成员与他们稳定的社区、多年的老友和大家庭的亲属关系相分离，非正式的信息渠道被切断了，而那种在需要时就能得到真实可靠信息的信心也丢失了。5. And by the help of further reasoning, which if drawn out would have been exhibited in two or three other syllogism,you arrive at your final determination,I will not have that ap

31、ple.要点这是复合句。主句是you arrive at your final determination.by the help of 是介词短语作状语，which引导的定语从句修饰reasoning.if drawn out 是省略句，用作表示条件的状语从句，完整的句子是if the reasoning can be drawn out.翻译时采用顺序法，定语从句采用分句法。syllogism：三段论；演绎推理。译文 借助于进一步的推理，这种推理如果加以引申，还可表现为其他两三种演绎推理，你便会做出最终决定：“我不吃那个苹果了。”6. It is quite unnerving not t

32、o be able to see or to establish contact with the other person, even though we have learnt to have conversations with people we cannot see, as on the telephone.要点这是复合句。主句中 it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person.在状语从句中as是连词，意思是“正如一样”，as 后面省去了we have conversations.翻译时采用逆序法，把even though引导的让步状语从句放到句首。unnerving：