文化外交与文化帝国主义 英文版.docx

1、文化外交与文化帝国主义 英文版Criticallyevaluatethemajordebatessurroundingtheconductofculturaldiplomacy,asdistinctfromculturalimperialismChapter I IntroductionCultural diplomacy refers to the diplomacy carried out for the content of cultural transmission, exchange and communication, it is a diplomatic activity whi

2、ch a sovereign state uses to achieve certain political goals or external strategic intent through making use of cultural means. Looking at the development and evolution of the way of international diplomacy in recent years, it can be seen that more and more countries in the world have paid attention

3、 to the use of the means of cultural diplomacy to achieve their external strategy. Under the theme of peace and development, the role of cultural diplomacy is increasingly obvious in a countrys achievement of its international strategic objectives. Compared with traditional economic diplomacy, milit

4、ary diplomacy and political diplomacy, it has more flexible features. Before the end of the cold war, cultural diplomacy is almost a synonym for cultural imperialism, but with the development of media technology since the cold war, the mode of transmission, impact and consequences of cultural diplom

5、acy have taken place tremendous changes, then whether cultural diplomacy is tantamount to cultural imperialists, many scholars have given different answers to this. This article will critically evaluate the major debates surrounding the conduct of cultural diplomacy from the perspective of media.Cha

6、pter II Debates on cultural imperialism and cultural diplomacy2.1 The definition and characteristics of cultural imperialismWestern countries take advantage of their strong political, economic and cultural strength to take leading positions in cultural communication and grasp the rules of the game i

7、n international exchanges. In cultural exchanges, they try to turn their own values or ideology into the worlds universal values, hoping that their own cultural traditions would become the worlds cultural traditions. Thus, in cultural exchanges, they vigorously implement the cultural strategy of cul

8、tural imperialism and are in a bid to use this new potential approach of cultural diplomacy to achieve the goal of controlling the world. The U.S. international political scientist Hans J. Morgenthau (1978) pointed out that the policy of cultural imperialism is the most delicate, if it had succeeded

9、 individually, then this is the most successful policy of imperialism. Its purpose is not to conquer territory and control over economic life, but to conquer the hearts of peoples and use it as a means to change the power relations between the two countries. . if cultural imperialism can achieve suc

10、h a complete victory, which would make other methods of imperialism redundant. And the law presented by cultural development and exchange has also contributed to the promotion of cultural imperialism. In cultural exchanges, The flow direction of a cultural often takes the form of flowing from a coun

11、try with a culture of strong radiation force to a country with a culture of weak radiation force. Thus, due to their weak position of the overall strength in political, economic and other aspects, developing countries are often in passive positions in cultural exchanges, which makes the western coun

12、tries implementation of cultural imperialism in developing countries possible. Cultural imperialism has the following three basic characteristics: in terms of form, it is mainly through the mass media; in terms of the content, it mainly promotes post-modern culture; it makes use of the form of commu

13、nication to implement cultural imperialism. These three basic characteristics are also consistent with the definition which a considerable number of people currently have defined for ecessive colonialism. And scholars who uphold the perspective of cultural imperialism generally believe that the so-c

14、alled free flow of information which advocated by the US-led western countries has resulted in the serious unbalance of the worlds information production and circulation structure. It is reflected in the following aspects: first, the imbalance in information production, namely, the imbalances of num

15、ber of media and media power. Second, the imbalance of information flow, that is, the monopoly of international news, the one-way communication of popular culture and the imbalance of dissemination of cross-border information. Third, the uneven distribution of content, on the one hand, western media

16、 transmit a lot of western values and way of life to developing countries, on the other hand, they always ignore developing countries economic and social development and are keen on reporting developing countries scourge of crime and the harsh environment, such as social unrest and other content, di

17、storting and even vilifying the developing countrys image. Fourth, the imbalance of resource utilization, developed countries make use of their economic and technical advantages to first lead up the international public resources, which makes countries of the third world encounter great difficulties

18、 in the development of satellite transmission, which can be seen by the battle for the international wave resources.2.2 The decline of cultural imperialismIn 1960s, the word imperialism is enough to describe the characteristics of the times, but now, globalization has replaced it. This interpretatio

19、n indicates that to explore cultural imperialism deep into the culture of globalization would be more realistic than to study it from a perspective of the ideological confrontation. For a long time, cultural hegemony has been equated with cultural imperialism by people. Most countries around the wor

20、ld can receive news, entertainment and sports news in English through satellite broadcast. It seems that almost all the worlds TVs are broadcasting with the same TV shows, even though the content is different, the rules of narrative is also identical, since they all come from New York, Hollywood and

21、 London. Some people worry that the popularity of English-language broadcasts makes us increasingly closer to taking English as the only common language of business, research, science and entertainment. Many people believe that the prevalence of English poses a threat to many other cultures. For exa

22、mple, there are approximately 80% of the electronic information in the world is written in English. English-speaking people are less than half of Internet users, however, English is the main language of the Internet. U.S. programs may strongly advocate the ideology of individualism, and they will de

23、stroy the traditional family values such as respecting and loving. Although there is sufficient evidence which has proved that the globalization of western media products has created a far-reaching impact on the cultures outside of England and American, while there is a trend that media content tend

24、s to developing toward the direction of regionalization and localization, the development of cultural isomorphism of globalization and regionalization has also caused peoples growing concern. International media organizations are increasingly aware of the diverse taste of other users in different pa

25、rts of the world. As they currently operate in the global marketplace to adjust their products and services to make them suit to local cultural conditions, which is imperative in the commercial sense. Although which has affected them is mainly the market power rather than a special respect for natio

26、nal culture, the global media conglomerate clearly tends to use local cultural resources to promote their products. Some scholars look on the regionalization of cultural products as a logo of cultural convergence from the global to the local. The global - local cultural interaction is leading to the

27、 formation of a mixed culture, it is considered to be blurring the boundaries between the modern and the traditional, the high and the low, national culture and global culture. Robertson called this phenomenon global localization. Taking inter-cultural integration as the features, this integration i

28、s the result of the use of new communication technologies to transform the western media to adapt to the local language, customs and cultural practices.Cultural identity is not fixed, it is constantly changing. As Stuart Hall (1991) said, globalization has brought some impact on cultural identity. C

29、ultural characteristics has its sources and history. However, like all the historic things, they are evolving all the time. They certainly do not always belong to a short period of time in the past, but constantly being affected by history, culture and power. In the era of globalization when the mas

30、s media integrates with a high degree, when media fuels cultural conflict, it also built the cultural structure in different regions as well. A variety of sounds in a world enables the villagers of the global village enjoy unprecedented global cultural elements. When somebody said that the media, cu

31、ltural products seem to coming from developed countries, it can not be forgotten that the developed countries themselves are also a melting pot. Cultures around the world come together, which can not be interpreted through the previous, simple cultural imperialism. To study the global cultural confl

32、ict and aggregation in a broader perspective is undoubtedly more meaningful than the stick to cultural imperialism (Donald M. Snow., 2006).Chapter III From the technology development of the media to analyze the differences between cultural imperialism and cultural diplomacyMcLuhan (1968) had a famou

33、s saying: the medium is the message, that is to say, what contents have been disseminated by the media is not important, the important is that the media itself exists as a message symbol. Indeed, to some extent, the media are a symbol of social development, as the primitive tribe is not likely to emerge in a newspaper, in