船舶专业英语课文+翻译.docx

1、船舶专业英语课文+翻译Chapter1ShipDesign（船舶设计）Lesson2ShipsCategorized（船舶分类）2.1Introduction（介绍）Theformsashipcantakeareinnumerable.一艘船能采用的外形是不可胜数的Avesselmightappeartobeasleekseagoinghotelcarryingpassengersalongtosomeexoticdestination;afloatingfortressbristlingwithmissilelaunchers;。oranelongatedboxtransportingtan

2、ksofcrudeoilandtoppedwithcomplexpipeconnections.一艘船可以看做是将乘客一直运送到外国目的地的优美的远航宾馆。竖立有导弹发射架的水面堡垒及甲板上铺盖有复杂管系的加长罐装原油运输轮Noneofthesedescriptionsofexternalappearance,however,doesjusticetotheshipsystemasawholeandintegratedunit所有这些外部特点的描述都不能说明船舶系统是一个总的集合体self-sufficient,seaworthy,andadequatelystableinitsfunctio

3、nasasecurehabitatforcrewandcargo.船员和货物的安全性功能：自给自足，适航，足够稳定。Thisistheconceptthatthenavalarchitectkeepsinmindwhendesigningtheshipandthatprovidesthebasisforsubsequentdiscussions,notonlyinthischapterbutthroughouttheentirebook.这是一个造船工程师设计船舶使必须记住的、能为以后讨论提供根据的观念，不仅涉及本章也贯穿全书。Inordertodiscussnavalarchitecture

4、,itishelpfultoplaceshipsincertaincategories.Forpurposesofthistext,shipsareclassifiedaccordingtotheirmeansofphysicalsupportandtheirdesignedpurposes.将船舶分成一些特定的种类来讨论造船工程是有好处的。本文的目的就是根据船舶物理支撑方式和设计目的来将它们分类。2.2ShipsTypedAccordingtoMeansofPhysicalSupport（根据物理支撑方式来分类）Themodeofphysicalsupportbywhichvesselsca

5、nbecategorizedassumesthatthevesselisoperatingunderdesignedconditions-Shipsaredesignedtooperateabove,on,orbelowthesurfaceofthesea,sotheair-seainterfacewillbeusedasthereferencedatum.船舶按物理支撑的分类方式假设，船舶是在设计工况的条件下航行。船舶预定在海面上，海面中或海面以下航行，因此使用空气与水的接触面作为基准面。Becausethenatureofthephysicalenvironmentisquitediffe

6、rentforthethreeregionsjustmentioned,thephysicalcharacteristicsofshipsdesignedtooperateinthoseregionscanbediverse.由于上面提到的三个区域中物理环境的本质相差很大，所以那些区域中的船的物理特性也不同。AerostaticSupport（空气静力支撑）Therearetwocategoriesofvesselsthataresupportedabovethesurfaceoftheseaonaself-inducedcushionofair.Theserelativelylightwei

7、ghtvehiclesarecapableofhighspeeds,sinceairresistanceisconsiderablylessthanwaterresistance,andtheabsenceofcontactwithsmallwavescombinedwithflexiblesealsreducestheeffectsofwaveimpactathighspeed.有两种靠自身诱导的气垫浮于海面上的船。这些重量相对轻的船能够高速航行，这是因为空气阻力比水阻力小得多，而且船舶高速航行时，弹性密封圈没有与小波浪接触，因而降低了了波浪冲击的影响。Suchvesselsdependon

8、liftfanstocreateacushionoflow-pressureairinanunderbodychamber.这种船依靠升力风扇在船体水下部分产生了低压气垫。Thiscushionofairmustbesufficienttosupporttheweightofthevehicleabovethewatersurface.这种空气气垫必须足够支撑水面上方船的重量。Thefirsttypeofvesselha.sflexibleskirtsthatentirelysurroundtheaircushionandenabletheshiptorisecompletelyaboveth

9、eseasurface.第一种船有完全围绕在气垫周围并且能够使船完全漂浮在水面以上的弹性围裙。Thisiscalledanaircushionvehicle(ACV),andinalimitedsenseitisamphibious.它被称为气垫船（ACV），某种有限的程度上适用于两栖。Theothertypeofair-cushioncrafthasrigidsidewallsorthinhullsthatextendbelowthesurfaceofthewatertoreducetheamountofairflowrequiredtomaintainthecushionpressure.

10、另一种气垫船带有刚性侧壁，且有延伸到水下能够减小空气流量的瘦船体，该气流用来维持气垫压力。Thistypeiscalledacaptured-air-bubblevehicle(CAB).这种类型船称为束缚气泡减阻船Itrequireslesslift-fanpowerthananACV,ismoredirectionallystableandcanbepropelledbywaterjetsorsupercavitatingpropellers.相对于ACV来说，它需要较低的升力风扇动力,航向稳定性更好，并且能使用喷水推进器和超空泡螺旋桨。Itisnotamphibious,however,

11、andhasnotyetachievedthepopularityoftheACVs,whichincludepassengerferries,cross-channelautomobileferries,polar-explorationcraft,landingcraft,andriverinewarfarevessels.但是，它不是两栖用途的，也还没有ACVs那么广的适用范围，适用范围包括游客渡轮，横越海峡车客渡轮，极地考察船，登陆舰及内河舰艇。HydrodynamicSupport（水动力支撑）Therearealsotwotypesofvesselsthatdependondyna

12、micsupportgeneratedbyrelativelyrapidforwardmotionofspeciallydesignedhydrodynamicshapeseitheronorbeneaththesurfaceofthewater.也有两种类型船，它们依赖通过船的相对高速前进运动来产生动力支持，这种船型的水上和水下部分的形状都经过特殊设计。Aprincipleofphysicsstatesthatanymovingobjectthatcanproduceanunsymmetricalflowpatterngeneratesaliftforceperpendiculartothe

13、directionofmotion.一个物理定理这样陈述：任何运动的物体都能造成不均匀的流态，产生一个垂直于运动方向的升力。Justasanairplanewith(airfoil)producesliftwhenmovingthroughtheair,ahydrofoillocatedbeneaththesurfaceandattachedbymeansofasurfacepiercingstrut,candynamicallysupportavesselshullabovethewater.正如装有空气翼的飞机在空气中移动时气翼上能产生一个升力一样，位于水面以下且其上固定有穿透水面的柱体的

14、水翼，能够动态支撑水面以上的船体。PlaninghullsarehullformscharacterisedbyrelativelyflatbottomsandshallowV-sections(especiallyforwardofamidships)thatproducepartialtonearlyfulldynamicsupportforlightdisplacementvesselsandsmallcraftathigherspeeds.滑行船体的特征是底部相对较平，横剖面呈浅V形（尤其是船的前半部分）。这种形状特点能够使船产生偏近满动力支持，适用于使小排水量船和高速小艇。Plani

15、ngcraftaregenerallyrestrictedinsizeanddisplacementbecauseoftherequiredpower-to-weightratioandthestructuralstressesassociatedwithtravelingathighspeedinwaves.一般说来，滑行船体的尺寸和排水量有限制。这是因为需要满足动力和重量的比率要求，以及在波浪中高速航行时的结构应力要求。Mostplaningcraftarealsorestrictedtooperationsinreasonablycalmwater,althoughsomedeepVhu

16、llformsarecapableofoperationinroughwater.虽然有一些?深V型剖面船能够在恶劣的海况中航行，但大多数滑行船体也都限制在相当平静的水面上航行。Lesson3PrincipalDimensions（主尺度）3.1PrincipalDimensions（主尺度）Beforestudyingindetailthevarioustechnicalbranchesofnavalarchitectureitisimportanttodefinevarioustermswhichwillbemadeuseofinlaterchapters.Thepurposeofthis

17、chapteristoexplainthesetermsandtofamiliarisethereaderwiththem.在系统的学习船舶工程不同的技术分支之前，应该定义一些术语以便于后面章节使用，这很重要。本章旨在于解释这些术语，并且让读者熟悉它们。Inthefirstplacethedimensionsbywhichthesizeofashipismeasuredwillbeconsidered;theyarereferredtoasprincipaldimensions.Theship,likeanysolidbody,requiresthreedimensionstodefineit

18、ssize,andthesearealength,abreadthandadepth.首先，考虑用来测量船舶尺寸的尺度；它们即是“主尺度”像任何其他固体一样，船舶需要三个尺度来定义其尺寸，它们是长度，宽度和高度。Eachofthesewillbeconsideredinturn.我们将依次来讨论它们。Length（船长）Therearevariouswaysofdefiningthelengthofaship,butfirstthelengthbetweenperpendicularswillbeconsidered.有多种定义船舶长度的方法，但是首先应该考虑艏艉两柱间长。Thelengthb

19、etweenperpendicularsisthedistancemeasuredparalleltothebaseatthelevelofthesummerloadwaterlinefromtheafterperpendiculartotheforwardperpendicular.柱间长指的是平行于基底夏季载重水线，从艉柱到艏柱间的距离。Theafterperpendicularistakenastheaftersideoftherudderpostwherethereissuchapost,andtheforwardperpendicularistheverticallinedrawnt

20、hroughtheintersectionofthestemwiththesummerloadwaterlineInshipswherethereisnorudderposttheafterperpendicularistakenasthelinepassingthroughthecentrelineoftherudderpintles.艉柱指的就是船舶舵柱的后侧，而艏柱是通过船艏与夏季载重水线的交点的竖直线。如果船上没有舵柱，那么艉柱就取通过舵销中心线的直线。Thelengthbetweenperpendiculars(L.B.P.)isusedforcalculationpurposesa

21、swillbeseenlater,butitwillbeobviousfromFigure3.1thatthisdoesnotrepresentthegreatestlengthoftheship.两柱间长（L.B.P.）是用于后面的计算之用的，然而从图3.1中可以看出两柱间长不是船舶的最大长度。Formanypurposes,suchasthedockingofaship,itisnecessarytoknowwhatthegreatestlengthoftheshipis.明白船舶的最大长度是必要的，很多地方都能用到最大船长，比如船舶入坞。Thislengthisknownasthelen

22、gthoverallandisdefinedsimplyasthedistancefromtheextremepointattheafterendtoasimilarpointattheforwardend.这个长度称为“总长”，是以从船艉端点到船艏端点间的距离来定义的。ThiscanbeclearlyseenbyreferringagaintoFigure3.1.Inmostshipsthelengthoverallwiltexceedbyaconsiderableamountthelengthbetweenperpendiculars.大多数船的总长都比两柱间长超出很多。Theexcess

23、willincludetheoverhangofthestemandalsothatofthestemwherethestemisrakedforward.超出的长度包括船艉悬挂物和前倾型船艏悬挂物。Inmodemshipshavinglargebulbousbowsthelengthoverall(L.O.A.)mayhavetobemeasuredtotheextremepointofthebulb.现代大型球鼻艏量。Athirdlengthwhichisoftenusedtparticularlywhendealingwithshipresistance,isthelengthonthe

24、waterline(L.W.L.).第三种长度是水线长（L.W.L）常用于计算船舶阻力。Thisisthedistancemeasuredonthewaterlineatwhichtheshipisfloatingfromtheintersectionofthesternwiththewaterlinetotheintersectionofthestemwiththewaterline.水线长指的就是在船舶所漂浮的水线上从船艏与水线的交点到船艉与水线的交点间的距离Thislengthisnotafixedquantityforaparticularship,asitwilldependupon

25、thewaterlineatwhichtheshipisfloatinganduponthetrimoftheship.一艘特定的船上的水线长不是一个固定值,它是取决于船舶所漂浮的水线的位置及船舶的纵倾程度Breadth（型宽）Themidpointofthelengthbetweenperpendicularsiscalledamidshipsandtheshipisusuallybroadestatthispoint.两柱间长的中点称为“船舯”且船舶在该处的宽度是最大的。Thebreadthismeasuredatthispositionandthebreadthmostcommonlyu

26、sediscalledthebreadthmoulded.我们所说的宽度就是在船舯位置测得的，该宽度一半称为“型宽”。Itmaybedefinedsimplyasthedistancefromtheinsideofplatingononesidetoasimilarpointontheothersidemeasuredatthebroadestpartoftheship.我们谨定义它为船舶最宽处一侧船壳板的内侧到另一侧船壳板内侧的距离。Asisthecaseinthelengthbetweenperpendiculars,thebreadthmouldeddoesnotrepresentthe

27、greatestbreadthoftheship,sothattodefinethisgreatestbreadththebreadthextremeisrequired.就像两柱间长那种情况一样，型宽不是船舶最大宽度，以至于有必要定义船舶的最大宽度为计算宽度。Inmanyshipsthebreadthextremeisthebreadthmouldedplusthethicknessoftheshellplatingoneachsideoftheship.对于很多船，计算宽度等于型宽交上船舶两侧船体外板的厚度。Inthedaysofrivetedships,wherethestrakesof

28、shellplatingwereoverlappedthebreadthextremewasequaltothebreadthmouldedplusfourthicknessesofshellplating,butinthecaseofmodemweldedshipstheextrabreadthconsistsoftwothicknessesofshellplatingonly.在铆接船的年代中，由于船舶外板列板相重叠，所以计算宽度就等于型宽加上四倍的船壳板厚度，然而现代焊接船仅加上两倍船壳板厚度。Thebreadthextrememaybemuchgreaterthanthisinsome

29、ships,sinceitisthedistancefromtheextremeoverhangononesideoftheshiptoasimilarpointontheotherside.有些船的计算宽度可能比上述所说的还大，这是因为它指的就是船舶一舷侧突出物极限点至相对称的另一舷侧突出物极限点间的距离。Thisdistancewouldincludetheoverhangofdecks,afeaturewhichissometimesfoundinpassengershipsinordertoprovideadditionaldeckarea.这种距离可能包括甲板突出物宽度，我们能从客船

30、中发现这种特性，这是为了扩大甲板面积。Itwouldbemeasuredoverfenders,whicharesometimesfittedtoshipssuchascrosschannelvesselswhichhavetooperateinandoutofportundertheirownpowerandhavefendersprovidedtoprotectthesidesoftheshipswhencomingalongsidequays.我们将这些突出物称为护舷材，护舷材只用在某些船上，例如海峡渡轮，它们依靠自身的动力来进出港口，并且停靠港口时护舷能够保护船体舷侧免受损害。Dept

31、h（型深）Thethirdprincipaldimensionsisdepth,whichvariesalongthelengthoftheshipbutisusuallymeasuredatamidships.第三个主尺度是深度，它沿船长方向会发生变化但通常以船舯处的值为标准。Thisdepthisknownasthedepthmouldedandismeasuredfromtheundersideoftheplatingofthedeckatsideamidshipstothebaseline.这种深度称为“型深”。指的就是船舯舷侧甲板板下部至基线间的距离。ItIssometimesquo

32、tedasadepthmouldedtoupperdeckordepthmouldedtoseconddeck,etc.有时引用为“顶部甲板型深”或“次甲板型深”等等。Wherenodeckisspecifieditcanbetakenthedepthismeasuredtotheuppermostcontinuousdeck.如果没有指出是哪处的甲板，那么深度就以连续甲板的最高处为基准。Insomemodemshipsthereisaroundedgunwale.一些现代船舶有修圆的舷边。Insuchcasesthedepthmouldedismeasuredfromtheintersectionofthedecklinecontinuedwiththebreadthmouldedline.这种情况下，型深就取自甲板线与型宽线的交点。3.2OtherFeatures（其他特征参数）Thethreeprincipaldimensionsgiveageneralideaofthesizeofashipbutthereareseveraletherfeatureswhichhavetobe