高考英语一轮复习 语法专项突破 第五讲 冠词代词.docx

1、高考英语一轮复习 语法专项突破 第五讲 冠词代词第五讲冠词、代词一冠词1定冠词the的常考必备(1)特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。I went to a university in New Zealand. The university was founded in the early twentieth century.我在新西兰的一所大学就读，这所大学建立于20世纪初。(2)用于单数可数名词或形容词前,表示一类人或物。As we all know, the brain is the centre of thought.众所周知，大脑是思维的中心。As a matter of fac

2、t, the rich arent always happy.事实上富人并非总是快乐的。“theadj.”表示一类人的常用短语：the rich 富人the dead 死者the poor 穷人 the old/aged 老人the living 活着的人the young 年轻人the injured/wounded 受伤的人(3)用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only, very, same等之前。Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。 (全国卷)Now, yea

3、rs later, this river is one of the most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.在数年之后的现在，这条河成为了环境治理的最突出的范例之一。(4)用于被限制性修饰语加以限制的人或物前。(陕西高考)The village where I was born has grown into a town.我出生的那个村庄已变成了一个城镇。(5)用于表示朝代、年代的名词前,或用于整十的数词复数前,表示某个年代。As is well known to us all, the Second World War brok

4、e out in the thirties.众所周知，二战爆发于30年代。(6)用于表示姓氏的复数名词前,表示一家人或夫妇俩。The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。(7)用于世界上独一无二的事物前。No one knows exactly how the moon came into existence, as it happened so long ago.没有人确切知道月球是怎样形成的，因为这发生在很久之前。(8)用于被演奏的西洋乐器前。As far as I know, he likes playing

5、the piano.据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴。典例 (2015全国卷语法填空)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even _ most modern of architects and engineers.the解析：冠词的考点很多也很复杂。但一般最常见的是：泛指用a/an，特指用the；首次出现用a，第二次提到用the；最高级、序数词前面用the。此题的关键词是most(最高级的象征词)，另外还有形容词est也是最高级的标志，用于单音节或者

6、部分双音节词。2不定冠词a、an的常考必备(1)表示泛指某个人或事物。I met a friend of yours today as I hurried off to work.今天我在赶着去上班的路上遇到了你的一位朋友。(2)用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前,表示泛指。My friend John is a handsome young man, a young man everyone likes to work with.我的朋友约翰是一个英俊的年轻人，一个人人都喜欢与他共事的年轻人。(3)表示“某一个”,相当于a certain。I remember he came here on a

7、 Sunday and left soon.我记得他在某个星期天来过，并且很快就离开了。(4)用在序数词前,表示“再一,又一”。He missed the gold medal in the high jump, but he will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。(5)用在形容词的比较等级前,表示“一个更的”。If we sit near the front of the bus, well have a better view.如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，视野就会更好些。(6)用于物质名词或

8、抽象名词具体化时。物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。Tony is a famous pianist. Im absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定成功。典例 (2017山东师大附中一模)Today, more people are coming to Beijing, the capital of China, to make

9、_ better life for themselves.a解析：句意：现在更多的人来到中国首都北京为自己寻求更好的生活。设空处泛指“一种更好的生活”，故填不定冠词a。3零冠词的常考必备(1)表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前。Keeping a diary is a good habit, by which youll make great progress.记日记是一个可以让你取得巨大进步的好习惯。Telephones are still playing an important role in peoples life.电话在人们的生活中仍然起着重要的作用。(2)表示月、季、星期、节假日、

10、洲、三餐、球类、学科、棋类名词前。A year can be divided into four seasonsspring, summer, autumn and winter.一年可以分为四季春、夏、秋、冬。(3)与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前。Are you going there by plane or by ship?你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？(4)系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时。After years of hard work, Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一位优秀的

11、经理。(5)表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得斯彭斯博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”1不定冠词常用于某些固定搭配中,常见的有：have a gift for 有的天赋have a holiday 度假get a lift/ride 搭便车pay a visit to 参观lend sb. a

12、hand 帮助某人as a result 因此as a rule 通常，照例in a hurry 匆忙地at a distance 离一段距离a waste of 的浪费What a pity! 真遗憾！be/go on a diet 节食a collection of 一批a knowledge of 知道have a good time 玩得高兴make a living 谋生as a matter of fact 事实上for a while 暂时，一时have a history of 有的历史a matter of 的问题in a sense/way 在某种意义上all of a s

13、udden 突然have a population of 有人口cover an area of 占的面积(安徽高考单项填空)You can ask anyone for help. Everyone here is willing to lend you a hand.你可以向任何人求助，这里的每个人都乐意帮助你。2固定短语中的定冠词at the moment 此刻；目前in the end 最后，最终to tell the truth 说实话on the other hand 另一方面by the way 顺便说一下in the middle of 在中间at the same time

14、同时on the contrary 相反on the whole 总的来说in the distance 在远处to the point 中肯；切题make the most/best of 充分利用go to the cinema/theater 去看电影/戏剧Now that you have such a good chance, youd better make the best of every minute to achieve your goal.既然你有这么好的一次机会，你最好充分利用每一分钟去实现你的目标。3固定短语中的零冠词on purpose 故意地by chance 碰

15、巧catch fire 着火at dawn 在黎明face to face 面对面out of date 过时的make room for 让位in debt 负债in shape 健康on foot 步行in danger 在危险中side by side 并排from time to time 不时地hand in hand 手拉手day after day 日复一日地heart and soul 全心全意地(江苏高考单项填空)Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does pushups too to stay in

16、shape.汤姆总是在早上慢跑，他通常也做俯卧撑来保持健康。典例 (2016全国卷甲语法填空)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.a解析：句意：通过出去走一会儿，锻炼或做些你喜欢的事情来给你的身体和大脑放个假。for a while表示“一会儿”。单句语法填空/单句改错1(2016全国卷乙语法填空)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister s

17、o that while one is being bottlefed, _ other is with mumshe never suspects.the解析：考查固定搭配。onethe other一个另一个。2(2017浙江重点中学协作体测试)The square is one of _ largest squares in China.the解析：句意：这个广场是中国最大的广场之一。形容词最高级前应用定冠词the。3(2017江苏大丰模拟)The driver was at _ loss when word came that he was forbidden to drive for

18、speeding.a解析：句意：当因超速被禁驾的消息传来时，这位司机不知所措。at a loss为固定短语，意为“困惑；不知所措”。4(2017湖南长沙一模)But we are making _ effort to maintain our community in some form so that we dont lose it.an解析：句意：但是为了我们不会失去我们的社区，我们正在尽力以一定的形式维持它。make an effort为固定短语，意为“尽力”。5(2016全国卷甲短文改错)But in that case, we will learn little about worl

19、d._world前加the解析：句意：但如果那样的话，我们会对这个世界了解甚少。world表示“世界，地球，天下”时，其前应用定冠词。二代词代词是代替名词、短语和句子起名词作用的词。代词主要包括九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词(只有两个：each other和one another)、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词。关系代词和连接代词隶属于复合句部分。1人称代词形式句法功能主格I, we, you, he, she, it, they主要用作主语，有时用作表语宾格me, us, you, him, her, it, them作动词或介词的宾语；口语中常用宾格作表语

20、She was beautiful and could run faster than others.她(那时)很美并且比其他人跑得快。Give me a challenge, and I will meet it with joy.给我一个挑战，我会欣然接受。2物主代词形式句法功能形容词性物主代词my, our, your, his, her, its, their作定语名词性物主代词mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs作主语、宾语或表语He invited some friends of his to his party.他邀请了他的一些朋友参

21、加他的宴会。3反身代词形式句法功能myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves作宾语、表语或同位语The child looked at himself in the mirror with interest.那个孩子饶有兴趣地看着镜子里的自己。含有反身代词的习惯用语by oneself 独自地for oneself 亲自come to oneself 苏醒；恢复知觉dress oneself 给自己穿衣behave yourself 举止规矩有礼devote oneself to 致

22、力于apply oneself to 专心致志于help oneself to 随便吃/用enjoy oneself 玩得开心seat oneself 就座，入席make yourself at home 别客气teach oneself 自学adapt/adjust oneself to 适应于 4指示代词指示代词用法this/these指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物；this可指下文将要谈到的人或物that/those指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物；that可指上文提到过的人或物such指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数so代替一个句子或短语所表

23、达的事情，意思是“如此，这样”。在believe，think，expect，suppose，imagine，guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点(浙江高考)Studying Wendys menu, I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonalds.研究了温迪的菜单，我发现其中很多品种和麦当劳的相似。Such are my friends who will never fail to help me when needed.我的朋友们就是这样：永远会在我需要他们时伸出援手。Is James coming ton

24、ight?詹姆斯今晚会来吗？I think so, but Im not sure.我想会的，但我不能肯定。5不定代词(1)不定代词的基本用法不定代词用法each/both/alleach指“(两者或两者以上物或人中的)每个”；both表示“两者都”；all指“(三者或三者以上物或人中的)所有，全部”either/neithereither表示“(两者中的)任何一个”；neither表示“两者都不”none/nothingnone表示“(三者或三者以上)全无，没有一点”；nothing表示“没有任何东西，没有事”anotheranother泛指“(三者或三者以上中的)另一，又一”other/o

25、thersother泛指“其余的，另外的”，只作定语。other可数名词复数othersthe other/the othersthe other特指“(两者之中的)另一个”。the other可数名词复数the othersAs the two dictionaries are useful, Ill take both and either of them is very important to me.因为这两本字典有用，我会把两本字典都带上，每一本对我而言都很重要。Would you like to go shopping with me on Saturday or Sunday?星

26、期六或星期天陪我去购物好吗？Im sorry. Neither will suit me. Ill be away on business during that period.对不起。那两天都不行。我那段时间将正在出差。You are a team star! Working with others is really your cup of tea.你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。Neither side is prepared to talk to the other unless we can smooth things over between them.除非我们能够消

27、除他们之间的矛盾，否则他们双方都不打算与对方讲话。(2)复合不定代词的用法某任何每个；所有没有人someone/ somebodyanyone/ anybodyeveryone/ everybodyon one/ nobody物somethinganythingeverythingnothingThere is something in his words. We should have a try.他说的话不无道理，我们应该试一试。(安徽高考)This project requires close teamwork. Nothing will be achieved unless we wo

28、rk well together.这个项目需要密切的团队合作，除非我们通力合作，否则将一事无成。典例 (2015全国卷语法填空)Id been at home in Hong Kong，with _(it) choking smog.its解析：句意：我居住的香港有令人窒息的烟雾。根据句意，这里指香港本地带有的烟雾令人窒息，故应该使用形容词性物主代词its作定语。1it作人称代词的用法(1)it用作人称代词,用来指代事物或上文提到过的内容。The Smiths bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can m

29、ove in.史密斯一家买了一套新房子，但是在入住之前有大量的工作要做。(2)it指时间、距离、天气等。Its about 112 miles from London to Birmingham.从伦敦到伯明翰大约有112英里。2用于某些句型Its time for sth.该做某事了。Its time to do sth.到该做某事的时候了。Its time for sb. to do sth.某人该做某事了。Its (about/high)timethat从句某人(早)该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去时，有时也用“should动词原形”)Its thetimethat从句这是某人第几次做某事。

30、(从句谓语用现在完成时)Its时间段since从句自从有多长时间了。Its时间段before从句过了多长时间才As far as I know, it is 8 years since his father passed away.据我所知，自从他父亲去世已经八年了。3it作形式主语(宾语)的用法it常作形式主语(宾语)，替代动词不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。(1)it作形式主语的句型Itbeadj.(for sb.) to do sth.常用于此句型的形容词有：easy，difficult，hard，necessary，unnecessary，possible等。As far as Im concerned, its necessary to have a good command of English.