广东省届高三英语二轮复习 第三讲 复合句讲义.docx

1、广东省届高三英语二轮复习 第三讲 复合句讲义第三讲 复合句作为必考项，复合句属应知应会内容。每年高考单选题中涉及复合句的题，少则2道、多则3道。复合句的种类很多，出现频度最高的是定语从句，其次为状语从句和名词性从句。一. 名词性从句：1名词性从句主要分为四大类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。2名词性从句的语序：名词性从句在句中要用陈述句语序。如：He asked me what was the matter with me.Weve heard the news that well move

2、 into the new house.Whatever you say will interest us all. (一)主语从句1定义：主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。2构成：关联词+简单句3引导主语从句的关联词有三类：1) 从属连词that：由that引导的从句,通常用形式主语来代替。 That he has disappeared worries his parents. It worries his parents that he has disappeared. It is not l

3、ikely that he can win the lottery. It is a big surprise that he is still alive.2) 从属连词whether。如：Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。Whether or not she will go to Japan is up to her.Whether he will take part in the play is not clear.3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever,

4、whichever由what等代词引导的从句,表示”所XXX的(东西)”，实际上等于一个现行词加上一个定语从句，也可以由-ever等代词引导。What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。What they are talking about is nothing valuable.What I really want is to have a good rest.Whatever she did is wrong.Whoever passes the exam can get 50 yuan.Whoever used to have another nam

5、e raise your hand.Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。连接副词 where, when, how, why, 如：When she will be back is still a question.Where they had put the files troubled the spy.How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。4主语从句常出现在下

6、面的三种结构中。1)主语从句谓语That she will come to our party is certain.2)It +be+名词(形容词、过去分词)that从句(1) It is 名词从句It is a fact that XXX事实是XXXIt is an honor that? 非常荣幸XXXIt is common knowledge that ? .是常识(2) it is 形容词从句 It is natural thatXXX很自然XXX It is strange that? 奇怪的是XXX在这种结构中，that引导的从句后置。而使用it作形式主语，它也可以与前面讲到的

7、结构换用。用于该结构的形容词很多，常见的有： obvious, clear, likely, true, certain. 该结构中，由于使用了某些形容词、名词词组、过去分词，后面引导的主语从句要使用虚拟语气。关于这一点请参见虚拟语气一章。(3) it 过去分词从句It is reported thatXXX据报道XXXIt has been proved thatXXX已证实XXX例句：It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. It is quite clear that the elephant is like a huge

8、fan.It is said that our school will be rebuilt. 3)It +seem(happen等不及物动词)that从句It seems thatXXX似乎XXXIt happened thatXXX碰巧XXXIt seems that Mary is not coming at all. 用于该结构的不及物动词有：seem, happen, appear, matter.该结果有的可以用不定式结构转换。如上面句子可转换为：Mary doesnt seem to be coming at all.5. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 1) if 引导的主语从

9、句不可居于复合句句首。 2) It is said , (reported) XXX结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) 3) It happens? It occurs?结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (righ

10、t)That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) 4) It doesnt matter how/whether XXX结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. (wrong) 5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。 例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)I

11、s that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)6. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如：What you said yesterday is right. That she is still alive is a consolation.(二)宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。1. 作动词的宾语1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略)例如：I heard that be

12、 joined the army.2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句例如：She did not know what had happened. I wonder whether you can change this note for me.3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。 例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.2. 作介词的宾语例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3. 作形容词的宾语例如：I am a

13、fraid (that) Ive made a mistake.That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。4. It 可以作为形式宾语It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子

14、中。 例如：We heard it that she would get married next month.5. 连接代词1) 由连接代词或副词引起的从句. Please show me how to make him happy. I dont know who did all the cleaning. Have you decided whom you will take to Australia? She still wondered when she would leave school. I am wondering whether/if the dress is too sh

15、ort. He advised me which books I should read.还可以做介词的宾语. The singer still worries about where to live. The price depends on how many you will buy.2) 由关系代词型what等代词引起的从句. I will tell you what I know. Well give whatever help you need. I plan to read whichever book you recommend. His father was not satis

16、fied with what he had. She walked up to where I stood.3) 由that引起的从句,在believe, think, suppose后常不加that.在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,也只将前面的词否定。I dont think you can beat me.He doesnt expect we need worry.有时在宾语和谓语之间可以插入一个间接宾语或状语。She reminded me that I had a meeting to attend.Th

17、ey explained to us that they didnt mean to make us angry.有时在这种带有复合宾语的句子中, that引起的从句常常移到后面, 前面用一个it作为形式宾语。I thought it very impossible that she would come.They took it for granted that the singer was coming.6. 容易出错的内容1) 与主句的时态呼应(1)当主句的谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，宾语从句的谓语动词可以和主句的谓语动词时态不一致，就是说可根据实际需要用不同的时态。如：I hear h

18、ell be back in a week.I hear Mr. Evans lives in Boston.I hear she has gone to Shanghai.I hear he came back yesterday.(2)当主句中的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词要用和过去相关的时态，可以是一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时等。如:She said she hoped to be back soon.She said they were having a meeting.She said she would visit her uncle next Sat

19、urday.She said she had seen the film the day before.(3)在“Could you tell usXXX请告诉我们厖好吗?”这种表示请求的疑问句中，用could比用can 较为委婉客气一些，但could不表示过去时，所以宾语从句中的谓语动词时态可根据实际需要用不同的时态。如：Could you tell us if(whether)Kates father works in that hospital?Could you tell us if(whether)Alice worked out the problem herself?(4) 如果

20、宾语从句所叙述的是客观真理、自然现象、名言警句或谚语等，不管主句是什么时态，从句都用原时态。如：Our geography teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.When I was young, my father often told me that knowledge is power (力量).The teacher told us the sun is much bigger than the earth.2) 从句部分的语序宾语从句的语序和一般陈述句相同，即主谓次序不颠倒。因此，由连接代词(who、whose、what

21、和which等)、连接副词(where、when、why和how)或连词if(或whether)引导的疑问句，改成宾语从句时，语序需要改变。如：Do you know where Mary lives?Nobody knows what they fought about.He asked whose dictionary this was.He asked me if(whether)I could help him.但是，当连接代词在宾语从句中作主语时，从句的语序与以疑问代词作主语的特殊疑问句的语序相同。如：He asked which picture was Johns.3) 否定转移若

22、主句谓语动词为Think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：I dont think this dress fits you well.(我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。)We believe that he can finish it in time. We dont believe that he can finish it in time.请注意：当主句中的谓语动词为hope时，则不用否定转移。只说：I hope he wo

23、nt be ill.(我希望他不要生病。)4) 带宾语从句的复合句改成简单句宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，它的位置与陈述句基本结构中的宾语相同，所以，在实际运用中，可以用不定式、名词或复合宾语等代替宾语从句，构成简单句。如： He hopes he will be able to see her again.He hopes to see her again. I dont know when well start.I dont know when to start. The man didnt understand what he said.The man didnt catch his

24、words. I heard she was singing in the next room.I heard him singing in the next room. I found it was interesting to skate on real ice.I found it interesting to skate on real ice.5) 宾语从句前通常需要有引导词如果宾语从句是由陈述句转变而来的，其引导词用that，常可以省略。如：I hope (that) I can study English better.如果宾语从句是由一般疑问句转变而来的，其引导词使用if /

25、whether, 意为是否。Mr Chen asked , Are you all here?Mr Chen asked if / whether we were all here.如果宾语从句是由特殊疑问句转变而来的，其引导词使用连接代词what / which /who / whose 或连接副词when / where / why / how 等。这些连接词都要充当从句中的一个成分，故不能省略。如： Tom asked me, When did you begin to study English? Tom asked me when I began to study English.(

26、三)表语从句1定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。2构成：表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后。一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。另外，常用的还有the reason is that?和It is because 等结构。3引导表语从句的关联词的种类：1) that引导的表语从句基本结构：主语 + 系动词 + that从句例句：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。But the fact remains that we are beh

27、ind the other classes.The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。

28、The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.从属连词because引导的表语从句It is because I have ever heard of the story. 那是因为我曾经听说过这个故事。注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词b

29、e, seem, look等。如：It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever；连接副词 where, when, how, why；如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning o

30、n reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。That is why I tell you the news. 那就是我为什么告诉你这个消息的原因。This is why we cant get the support of the people.(四)同位语从句1定义：同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。2用法：同位语从句的先行词多为advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request 、reply、repor

31、t、remark、suggestion、thought 、truth、wish、word等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来？Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来。连接代词wh