1、常见构词法归纳常见构词法归纳tele- 表示“远离”:television, telephone , telegram(电报), telegraph(电报,抽象名词), telescope(望远镜) 表示时间,序列关系的前缀:fore- 表示“在前面,先前,前面”:foreword(前言), forecast(预报), foretell(预言), foresee(预见), foreknow(先知), foreknowledge(先知)mid- 表示“中,中间”:midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn(中秋节)post- 表示“在后,后”:postwar
2、(战后的,战后时期), postgraduate(研究生), postdate(事后日期,推迟日期)pre- 表示“在前,事先,预先”:preheat(预先加热), prewar, prehistory(史前), preview(预习), prebattle, prepay(预付)re- 表示“再一次,重新”: retell(复述), rewrite, renew(续借), reconsider(重新考虑), reuse, remarry, recycle(再生,回收利用), rebuild(重建,改造) 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:by- 表示“副,次要的”:byproduct(副产品),
3、bywork(副业)extra- 表示“超越,额外”:extraordinary(非凡的,特别的)over- 表示“超过,过度,太”:overeat(吃过多), oversleep(睡过头), overpraise(过奖), overwork, overact(行为过分), overdo(夸张,做得过分)under- 表示“低劣,低下”:undersize(尺寸不足), undergrown(发育不全的), underproduction(生产不足)vice- 表示“副,次”:vice-president, vice chairman,vice-monitor 表示共同,相等意思的前缀:co-
4、 表示“共同,一起”:coexist(共同生存), co-operate, co-worker, coactions(合作行动), coauthor(合作作者) 表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake 表示分离,离开意思的前缀:a- 表示“分离,离开”:away, apartde- 表示“离去,处去”:depart, decolour 表示“自我”:self- self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowledg
5、e 表示变换词类作用的前缀:be- befrienden- enslave(束缚;征服), enable(使能够), enrich(使充实,使肥沃,使富足), enlarge(扩大,使增大), encourage(鼓励) 表示数量关系的前缀:a. 表示“单一”,“一”:uni- uniform(统一服装), unicellular(单细胞)b. 表示“二,两,双”:bi- bicycle(cycle循环,周期)twi- twilight(昏暗的,黎明)c. 表示“半,一半”:semi- semiconductor(半导体), semicircle(半圆), semimonthly(半月刊),
6、semifinal(半决赛)d. 表示“百,百分之一”: centi- centimetere. 表示“千,千分之一”:kilo- kilometer, kilogram, kilowattf. 表示“微小”:micro- microvolt(微伏特), microcomputer(微机), microscope(显微镜)g. 表示“许多,复,多数”:multi- multimedia(多媒体), multicolored, multiform, multinaturalh. 表示“千分之一、毫”: milli- millimeter, milligrami. 表示“微小、微型”:mini-
7、minibus, miniskirt, minipark(2)后缀 名词后缀:a. 具有某种职业或动作的人:-an, -ian, -ician 表示“地方的人,精通的人”:American, Asian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian(历史学家), librarian(图书管理员), electricia(电工)n, magician(魔术师), technician, musician, politician(政客)-ant,-ent 表示“人”:merchant, servant(仆人,佣人), assistant, agent, stu
8、dent,-ee 表示“动作承受者”:employee(雇员), examinee(应试者), payee(收款人), interviewee-eer 表示“从事于人”:engineer, volunteer(志愿者)-er 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区,地方的人”:banker, observer, Londoner, villager singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer -or 表示“者”:author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator-ar, -a
9、ry 表示“的人, 从事的人”:scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary-ese 表示“ 国人,地方的人”:Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese(广东人)-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”:actress(女演员), hostess(女主人), manageress(女经理)-ist 表示“从事研究者,信仰主义者”:pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist, socialist, typist, receptionist-icist 表示“家, 者, 能手”:physicist(物理
10、学家), phoneticist(语音学家), technicist(技术师)-logist 表示“学家,研究者”:biologist(生物学家), geologist(地质学家)b. 构成具有抽象名词的含义:-age 表示“状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称”:courage, storage, marriage, percentage-al 表示“事物的动作,过程”:refusal(拒绝), arrival, survival(幸存), denial(否认), approval(批准,认可,赞成), trial(实验)-ance, -ence 表示“性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度”:imp
11、ortance, distance, avoidance(逃避,废止), appearance, performance(性能,绩效,表演), difference, obedience(顺从,服从), presence(出席,参加), existence-ancy, -ency 表示“性质,状态,行为,过程”:frequency(频繁), urgency(紧急), efficiency(高效率),-ity 表示“性质,状态,程度”:purity(纯度(化学), reality, equality(平等)-bility 表示“动作,性质,状态”:ability, possibility, pr
12、obability, responsibility-dom 表示“等级,领域,状态”:freedom, kingdom(王国,界), wisdom(智慧,才智)-ery, -ry 表示“行为,状态,习性,性质”:bravery(勇敢,勇气), slavery(奴役)-hood 表示“资格,身份, 年纪,状态”:childhood, girlhood(少女时期), boyhood(少年时代), manhood(男子气概)-ice 表示“行为,性质,状态”:notice, justice(司法), service-ing 表示“动作的过程,结果”:building, writing, learni
13、ng-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行为的过程,结果,状况”:suggestion, action, solution, invention, direction(方向,指导), correction(改正,修正), collection, instruction(指令,指示), destruction (破坏), introduction, congratulation , dictation(听写,口述), invitation(邀请), pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education,
14、 information, translation, starvation(饿死,绝食), satisfaction, relation, determination(决心,果断), preparation, imagination, explanation(说明,解释), opposition(反对), competition(竞赛,比赛), description, decision, division(除法), conclusion, impression(印象), expression(表达,表示), admission(承认), permission(允许,许可), discussi
15、on-ment 表示“行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果”:disappointment(失望), treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument, agreement(协议), government, development, improvement(改进,改善), requirement(要求,必要条件), encouragement-ness 表示“性质,状态,程度”:goodness(adj,善良,精华), kindness, tiredness, friendliness(友谊), business, illness, happin
16、ess(幸福), willingness(乐意,心甘情愿), weakness, fairness(公平)-ism 表示“制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为”:socialism(社会主义), criticism(批评), heroism(英勇), tourism, communism(共产主义) , Marxism(马克思主义)-ship 表示“情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业”:hardship(困苦,苦难), relationship, membership (资格,会员身份), friendship, ownership(所有权), scholarship(奖学金),-th, 表示“动作,
17、性质,过程,状态”:strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth, warmth(温暖), youth-ure 表示“行为,结果”:exposure(暴露), pressure(压力), failure, procedure(手续), mixture-craft 表示“工艺”:aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraftc. 带有场所,地方的含义:-age 表示“住所,地点”:village, cottage(小屋,村舍)-ary 表示“住所,场地”:library, granary (谷仓)-ory 表示“工作
18、场所,住处”:factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory(天文台,气象台) 形容词后缀:a. 带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable(可适用的), visible(可见物), responsible, terrible(可怕的), horrible(恐怖的)-al: natural, additional(额外的,附加的), educational, national(国家的,国
19、民的)-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent-ing(表示特征:令人觉得): moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , boring, amazing-ed(表示情绪:觉得): pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined(决定了的,果断的), delighted(高兴的,欣喜的)-ish: foolish, bookish(出本上的,好读书的), selfish-ive:
20、active, impressive(感人的,令人钦佩的), decisive(决定性的,果断的), active,expensive, progressive(改革的,进步的)b. 表示“相象,类似”的含义:-ish: boyish, childish(幼稚的,孩子去的)-like: manlike(有男子气概的,像男子的), childlike(天真浪漫的,像孩子的)-some: troublesome(麻烦的,讨厌的), handsome-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy(有雾的,模糊的), healthy, wealthy, wor
21、thy, bloody(血腥的), funny, dirty, lucky, noisy, salty, smelly(发臭的), hilly(丘陵的,陡的)-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, friendly, lonely, orderly, lovely(可爱的,令人愉快的), lively(活泼的,生动的), likely(很可能的), scholarly(博学的,学着风度的)c. 表示“充分的”含义:-ful: beautiful
22、, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful, merciful(仁慈的,宽容的)-ous: dangerous, courageous(有胆量的,勇敢的), nervous(紧张不安的), mountainous(多山的), humorous(诙谐的,幽默的), various(各种各样的)d. 表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义:-en: wooden, golden, woolen(羊毛的)e. 表示方向的含义:-ern: eastern, western, souther
23、n, northern, southeastern, northwestern-ward: downward(向下的), forwardf. 表示“数量关系”的含义:-teen: thirteen-ty: fifty-th: fourth, fiftiethg. 表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义:-an: Roman, European-ese: Chinese, Japanese-ish: English, Spanishh. 表示否定:-less: countless(无数的,数不尽的), stainless(不锈的), wireless, useless, endless(无止境的,连续的),
24、 priceless(无价的,贵重的), hopeless 动词后缀:-ize, ise 表示“做成,变成,化”:modernize(现代化), democratize(民主化), organize, apologize, realize-en 表示“使成为,引起,使有”:quicken,(加快) weaken, soften, harden(变硬,变坚强)-fy 表示“使化, 使成”:beautify, purify(净化), intensify, signify, simplify(简化), satisfy 副词后缀:-ly: possibly, swiftly(很快地), simply(
25、简单地)-ward(s): downward, inwards(向内地), upward(向上地,上升地)-ways: always, sideways(向侧面的,一旁的) -wise: otherwise(另外的,否则,adj,adv), clockwise(顺时针方向地)注意:有的单词有双重后缀,如:use(用途)useless(无用的)uselessness(无用)self(自己)selfish(自私的)selfishness(自私)有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:importantimportanceunimportance regular(有规律的,有规则的)irregular(无规
26、律的,不规则的)irregularity(无规律,不规则)2合成法(1)合 成 名 词构成方式例词名词名词weekend周末名词动词daybreak黎明名词动名词handwriting书法名词及物动词erorpain-killer止痛药名词介词名词editor-in-chief总编辑动词名词typewriter打字机动名词名词reading-room阅览室现在分词名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词名词gentleman绅士副词动词outbreak爆发介词名词afternoon下午代词名词she-wolf母狼 boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-driver, playgro
27、und, radioactive(放射性的), headmaster(校长), sunshine, notebook, armchair(扶手椅), wheelchair(轮椅), postcard(明信片), football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter(消防队员), fireman, gateman(看门人,售票员), chairman(主席,会长), weatherman, businessman, armyman(军人), postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspa
28、per, pickpocket(扒手), she-goat(雌性山羊), editor-in-chief(主编), daybreak(破晓), handshake(握手), silkworm(蚕), outbreak(爆发)(2)合 成 形 容 词构成方式例词名词形容词snow-white雪白的名词现在分词English-speaking讲英语的brainwashing(洗脑的)名词to名词face-to-face面对面的名词过去分词man-made人造的homemade数词名词one-way单行的数词名词形容词two-year-old两岁的数词名词edfive-storeyed五层的four
29、-legged(四条腿的动词副词see-through透明的形容词名词high-class高级的形容词名词edkind-hearted, cold-blooded形容词形容词light-blue浅蓝色的形容词现在分词good-looking相貌好看的副词形容词ever-green常青的副词现在分词hard-working勤劳的副词过去分词well-known著名的newly-built副词名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词名词downhill下坡的由三个词构成的合成形容词: heart-to-heart, two-year-old, eight-metre-long其他合成形容词:e
30、veryday(日常的), faraway(遥远的), snow-white(雪白的), lay-off(下岗的)(3)合 成 动 词构成方式例词名词动词sleep-walk梦游形容词动词white-wash粉刷副词动词overthrow推翻(4)合 成 副 词构成方式例词形容词名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词副词everywhere到处副词副词however尽管如此介词名词beforehand事先介词副词forever永远(5)合 成 代 词构成方式例词代词宾格selfherself她自己物主代词selfmyself我自己形容词名词anything任何东西(6)合 成 介 词构成方式例词副词名词inside在里面介词副词within在之内副词介词into进入3转化法(1)名词动词 hand(手传递) back(背部,后面支持,后退)charge(费用收费) copy(抄本,复印件抄写,复印)flood(洪水淹没) heat(热量加热)paint(油漆刷漆) phone(电话打电话)pin(别针装订) waste(废物浪费)face(脸面对) use(用途使用)interest(兴趣使兴趣) surprise(惊讶使惊讶)taste(味道品尝) smell(气味闻)break(短暂休息折断) present(礼物赠送)(2)形容词动词clean(干净使干净,打扫)
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