托福语法指导及真题要点解析.docx

1、托福语法指导及真题要点解析分词及真题要点解析分词是TOEEL必考内容，在历届试题中均占相当大的比例。分词的命题形式非常广泛。平均分布在written Expressions 和structure两部分。有时，即使分词不是题目焦点，但对分词的正确分析则可以帮助考生选择正确的答案。分词的命题要点集中在（1）分词的形容词特性、（2）分词短语作后置定语、（3） 现在分词和过去分词的主动与被动含义。分词常考题型及解题要点：1. 分词具有形容词特征，可单独作定语或表语。全真例题分析(1) The highly respect zoologist Ernest Just Joined the ruling

2、board of the Marine Biological Laboratory in the 1930*s (93.1)答案 B 动词respect用来修饰后面的名词zoologist，故应改用分词respected形式，其作用相当于形容词作定语。(2) A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. (90.1)答 C 修饰保词period应用动词的分词形式，即fixed。(3) Characteristics of Op Art are the careful

3、ly arrange hues and geometric patterns that create optical illusions. (88.5)答案 A 修饰名词hues，应用分词形式arranged。(4) The question of the origin of the Moon is interest not only in itself but also as a part of the larger genesis of the earth and the solar system . (88.5)答案 B interest应用其分词interesting形式作表语，作用相

4、当于一个形空词。2. 分词短语作定语，放置于中心名词后面解题要点 分词短语作后置定语在TOEEL考题中出现频率非常高。因而，考生务必熟记这一结构和用法。实际上，分词短语作后置定语。皆是定语从句的省略形式。全真例题分析(1) The leaves and stems of the aifaifa plant are the only parts of the plant -(A) the uses for livestock feed(B) for using livestock feed(C) used for livestock feed(D) they are used for lives

5、tock feed (93.1)答案 C过去分词used + 介语短语组成的分词短语修饰前面的名词成分the only parts of the plant，作后置定语。此结构亦扩展为定语从句(that are ) used for livestock feed(2) The slide rule used sliding scales with marks - numbers and their logarithms.(A) representing(B) represented(C) are represented(D) they are representing (92.10)答案 A

6、分词短语作名词marks的后置定语，作用相当于一个定语从句：which represent numbers and their logarithms。(3) Earlg philosophers believe that the mind was divided into three faculties - s feeling ,intellect and will (A) to know(B) known(C) knowing(D) knew them (94.1)答案 B分词短语known as说明前面的名词three faculties。此结构可改写成定语从句。Which are kno

7、wn as(4) The bison know for the hump over its shoulders is usually called a buffalo in North America. (91.1)答案 A 此句主语是The bison ,谓语是系词is ,划线A部分应当为分词短语，修饰名词The bison .A应改为known for。(5) Louisa May Alcott is chiefly remembered for Little Women. One of the most popular girls books ever wrote (88.5)答案 D

8、修饰名词books应用分词生语ever written。3. 分词短语作状语解题要点 在句了意义非常清楚明确时，状语从句通常可以简略为分词短语，但有一个先决条件。此分词短语的逻辑主语应与句子的主语为同一人或物，此类分词短语通常置于句首。全真例题分析(1) - as“the census taker of the sky”Annie Jump Cannon contributed considerably to the field of astronomy.(A) Known(B) Knowing(C) To known(D) Knowledge (92.5)答案 A 分词短语置于句首作表示身份

9、的状语。它的逻辑主语即是句子的主语Annie Jump Cannon.(2) - in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States .(A) Founded(B) Founding(C) To found(D) Having founded (92.1)答案 A 分词短语表示时间，其逻辑主语即是句子主语The Boston Latin School.(3) - the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief

10、executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.(A) In 1827 they drafted(B) The draft in 1827(C) In 1872 was drafted(D) Drafted in 1827 (90.5)答案 D分词短语作状语，表示时间。此结构可扩展为一状语从句；where the constitution of the Cherokee Nation was drafted in 1827 it provided for a chief executive a senate, and a house of

11、 representatives.4. 现在分词表达主动的概念；过去分词表达被动的概念全真例题分析(1) Tudging to be the best boxer of his time, sugar Ray Robinson lost only 3 out of 137 fights (94.1)答案 A 此分词短语与其逻辑上的主语sugar Ray Robinson 是被动的关系（Sugar was judged to be) 故应用过去词Tudped to be.(2) During the Colonial days, the Iroquois had an agricultural

12、economy basing mainly on corn with supplementary crops of pumpkins ,beans, and tobacco. (92.1)答案 B通常我们说to be based on ，这个短语表示被动概念（基于，以为基础），所以应改用过去分词based。(3) Per capita income is a nation*s entire income dividing by the number of people in the nation. (90.10)答案 B根据句意及分词dividing后面的介词by，可以推断这个分词短语表达的是

13、被动的概念，因此，应用过去分词divided by。(4) Clementine Hunter*s primitive paintings have been exhibited at various galleries. Included one at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. D.C. (93.1)答案 D 分词included与其逻辑的主语paintings并无被动的关系，不应用过去分词，应改为惯用现在分词短语including + 名词宾语的结构词性变化及真题要点解析词性混淆误用一直是TOEEL考题中最重要的命题形式。它与“基

14、本句子结构”（本书要点之1）和“平行结构”（本书要点之4）组成TOEEL命题的三大焦点。有关词性混淆的试题主要集中在written Expression (16-40题）中，命题范围包括（1）并列结构中词性一致、（2）形容词与副词混淆、（3）形容词与名词混淆、（4）名词与动词混淆。其中，形容词用错的题型占此类命题的最大比例。词性混淆常考题型及解题要点1. 并列连词and but or结构要求词性统一全真例题分析(1) Bigness. Boastful. And strong. Frontiersman Mike Fink was the subject of many folk tales.

15、 (93.3)答案 A 并列连词and连接三个形容词，故（A）Bigness应改为Big。(2) The success of a naval ship is determined by its seaworthiness, speedy ,and maneuverability. (92.10)答案 D 并列连词and连接三个名词，而speed是形容词，故应改为speed。(3) Regulation of public utilities in the United States is carried out by locally state and federal governments

16、. (92.5)答案 D 并列连词and连接三个形容词性质的词，共同修饰后面的中心词governnenrfs 。而locally是副词，应改为local。(4) In Middle Ages. Books called bestiaries were prepared in an attempt to describe animals, real or imagine, that exemplified human traits. (92.5)答案 B 并列连词or前面是形容词real。之后亦应是形容词imaginary。2. 形容词错用为副词解题要点 形容词用来修饰说明名词或名词性成分的，而

17、副词则可修饰除名词以外的所有词性及句子成分。全真例题分析(1) Animal life on Prince Edward island is confined large to ducks. Pheasants. And rabbits (93.5)答案C 修饰限定介词短语to ducks pheasants and rabbits 应用副词largely。(2) The General Sherman tree a giant sequoia in California, has grown to be the world*s largest plant at approximate 272

18、 feet tall.答案 D 修饰说明数词（272）应用副词approximately。(3) Because its body is supported by water, the blue whale can grow to a size considerable larger than any land mammal alive today. (93.8)答案 修饰形容词短语larger than应用副词形式considerably。(4) Once an important port of entry for immigrants to the United States. Isla

19、nd recent reopened its great hall s a museum of immigration. (92.8)答案 C 修饰整个句耶Ellis ls land reopened its great hall as a museum of immigration 应用副词recently，表示时间。(5) Because their properties differ from those of their constituents. Proper alloys can great increase the corrosion resistance of a metal.

20、答案 C 修饰动increase 应用副词greatly。3. 以副词后缀ly组成的副词错用为形容词解题要点 A、B、C、D四个选择答案中如果有以ly形式构成的副词，应首先考虑它的词性是否正确，是否错用为形容词。全真例题分析(1) Parrots have heavily bodies and exceedingly strong legs. (93.8)答案 A 修饰名词应用形从词。Heavily 应改为heavy。(2) The katydid a type of grasshopper is actively at night and rests motionless amid foli

21、age during the day. (93.8)答案 B 改为形容词active，作表语。(3) Although the unified states experienced rapidly growth in the first half of the nineteenth century ,it was still predominately concerned with agriculture and forestry (93.10)答案 A 修饰名词应用形容词rapid growth。(4) Although they are in different countries, Wi

22、ndsor. Ontario and Detroit, Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest. (91.5)答案 D 改为mutual interest。4. 以名词后缀- tion ,- sion 组成的名词错用为动词解题要点 A、B、C、D四个选择答案中出现以tion, -sion形式构成的名词，应首先考虑它的词性是否正确，是否错用为动词。全真例题分析(1) The work *saga* is often application to any narratio

23、n of events of the past, whether mythical or historical in character. (92.10)答案 A application应改为applied，作谓语动词的被动语态。(2) Administrative assistants are often expected to make decisions, supervision staff, delegate responsibility, and work harmoniously with managers and fellow cmployces. (92.100答案 B sup

24、ervision 改为动词原形supervise与后面名词组成动宾结构。(3) Fascination by the promise of the internal engine and its application to a self-propelled vehicle, Henly Ford constructed a one-cylinder gasoline motor in 1892. (93.10)答案 A Fascination 改为Fascinated, 与后面的by 组成过去分词短语作状语。(4) From 1872 to, Alice Elvira Freeman was

25、 Dean of Women at the newly foundation University of Chicago. (93.8)答案 D foundation 改为founded 过去分词作定语，修饰University of Chicago5. 由表示词性的后缀- fur ,-tie -enc., -ent,-tive都很可能是此题的考试焦点全真例题分析(1) Few theories are originality enough to be called unique. (92.10)答案 C 名词originality应改为形容词original 作表语。(2) Height,

26、powerful and speed are attributes that coaches often look for in basketball players. (93.8)答案 A 形容词powerful应改为名词power，与height和speed并列。(3) A major purpose of scientific analysts is to idenufy and examine causal connections between independent and dependence variables. (93.1)答案 D 名词dependence 应改为形容词de

27、pendent, 用来修饰后面的名词variables。(4) A deficient of folic acid is rarely found in humans because the vitamin is contained in a wide variety of foods. (92.8)答案A 形容词deficient改为名词deficiency。作主语。(5) In nature, the distributive of plants is obviously related to climate. (90.8)答案 B 形容词distributive 改为名词distribu

28、tion ，用主语。(6) A foreign exchange rate is a price that reflects the relative supply and demand of difference currencies. (93.5)答案 D 名词difference改为形容词different，修饰后面的名词。平行结构及真题要点解析含并列连词and but or的平行结构解题要点 当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上（含三项）的并列成分，多是考试焦点。全真例题分析(1) Quartz may be transparency

29、, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5)答案 A 并列连词or连接三项，其中两项为形容词translucent与opaque，故（A）应用形容词transparent与之并列。(2) At the age of 94. Composer, conductor. Arranger. And acting Eva Jessye led her choral group in the first production of the opera porgy and Bess, written in 1935.

30、 (92.1)答案 A 并列连词and连接四项表示身份职业的名词，故（A）动名词应改为actress。(3) Atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)答案 C 并列连词or连接四项名词结构，其中cell 和organ皆为单数形式，故（C）亦应改为单数tissue。(4) Direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with Products, alert them to new

31、opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1) 答案 C 并列连词and连接三项动宾结构，前两项均为动词原形，故（C）动名词亦应改为原形动词pave.(5) A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the legendary Loch Ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10)答案 D 并列连词or连接三项成分。前两项均为名词，故（D）不应出现句子结构，而应改为名词tricks与前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。(6) The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays vital rode in chewing, swallowed and speaking.答案 D 并列连词and连接三个单词。