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中考英语总复习之动词不定式详解与练习.docx

1、中考英语总复习之动词不定式详解与练习概念:动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志,没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。 可以做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语。一、作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种: (1)把不定式置于句首。如: To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如: Itbe名词to do Its our duty to take good care o

2、f the old. It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? Itbe形容词bto do It is difficult for us to finish for swriting the composition in a quarter of an hour. 在句型中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better; the first,the n

3、ext,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough Itbe形容词of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. 在句型中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wiserude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless(欠考虑的;不考虑的),brave,considerate(考虑周到的), selfi

4、sh(自私的)等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is形容词to do句式 ,如:Its kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money. It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。 注意:1) 其他系动词如,look,a

5、ppear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作为句子主语时,动词用单数形式。 3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is to的句型 对应性:To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 二、作宾语1) 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语 afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到), appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determin

6、e(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(威胁),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wis

7、h(希望) 举例: The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2) 动词+疑问词+ 不定式 decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

8、There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语动 词it补语to do句式。如: We think it quite important for us to

9、learn a foreign language well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. I find it difficult to learn English well. 三、作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) adviseallowbelievecausechallengecompel(强迫, 使不得不)declareencourageforbidforcefindhireinduce(引诱, 劝导) instruct(命令, 指示)invitelikeorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequir

10、eselectsendsupposetelltrainurge(催促,鼓励) 例句: a.Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b.We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 find 的特殊用法: find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I fou

11、nd that to learn English is important. 典型例题: The next morning she found the man _ in bed,dead. A. lyingB. lieC. layD. laying 答案:A. find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。 lie: 躺 过去式 lay,过去分词 lain , 现在分词 lying;lie: 说谎 过去式 lied,过去分词 lied , 现在分词 lying;lay:安放 过去式 laid,过去分词 laid, 现在分词 layi

12、ng;2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。 Acknowledge 承认, 供认,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover, fancy(设想),feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解), show,suppose,take(以为),understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 3) to be +形容词 Seem,appear,be said,b

13、e supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope, wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean The book is believed to be uninteresting. It is believed that人们认为这本书没什么意思。 有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。 Mary took him as her fath

14、er .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。 四、作表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例)。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,su

15、ggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例),不定 式说明主语的内容。 Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr Wang is interesting. 句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving the people is our work,而句中是现在分词作 表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。 五、作状语1)目的状语 To

16、only to (仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such) as to (如此以便) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。 2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。 He searched the room only to find nothing. 3)表原因 Im glad to see you. 典型例题 The chair looks rather hard, but i

17、n fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sitB. sit onC. be seatD. be sat on 答案:B.如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾。 The water is too cold to drink.(不用被动)六、作定语不定式作定语 不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如: The next train to arrive is from Washington. Do you have anything to be taken ( to take)to you

18、r sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系: (1)表示将来的动作(例)。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例)。 (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍 用主动语态(例);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,

19、则需用被动语态(例)。 (4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例to arrive=that will arrive。 七省to 的动词不定式介绍1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外,ought to意思是应该,是情态动词,只有一种形式,后边接动词不定式,to不能省略。ought to没有人称和数的变化,后接动词原形可以表示现在、将来或过去将来,由时间状语或上下文决定。例如: They ought to come tomorrow.他们明天应当来): 2) 使役动词 let, have, make: 3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observ

20、e, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to。 注意:在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。 在使役动词中get除外(get sb. to do sth.) I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 4) 表示个人意愿或倾向的would rather,had better,might(just) as well:rather than置于句首时。 Ra

21、ther than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bike. 5) Why / why not: 6) help 可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth: 7) but和except:but前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。 8) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去: 9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后,可以省去to be: He is supposed (to be) ni

22、ce.他应该是个好人。 10)but作介词,后接不定式结构时,前面谓语动词部分若含有do的形式时,but后的不定式要省去to,否则要带to。 He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 11)当两个或多个不定式短语由连词and,but或or连接时,后一个或几个不定式符号to常省略。但若表示对比、对照关系时,则不能省略。 He wants to move to France and marry the girl. The purpose of new techn

23、ologies is to make life easier, .not to make it more difficult. 12)不定式做表语时,一般要带to,但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时,符号to可省去。 Weve missed the last bus.All we could do now is walk home. 典型例题1) - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try goingB.trying to goC.to try and goD.try going 答案:D

24、. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选D。 2) Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learnB. to learnC. learnedD. learning 答案:B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略。 13,在口语中,为避免重复,常用to代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把to省略.如: -Did you go to visit the Great Wall -No, I wanted to, but there wasnt enough time.动词不定式的否定式.

25、not to do.Tell him not to shut the window She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。 典型例题 1)Tell him _ the window. A. to shut notB. not to shutC. to not shut D. not shut 答案:B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth. 2)She pretended _ me when I passed by. A.not to seeB. not s

26、eeingC. to not see D.having not seen 答案:A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。 3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to driveB. to never driver C. never drivingD. never drive 答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never. 4) The boy wanted to ride

27、his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him _. A. not toB. not to doC. not do it D. do not to 答案:A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等,否则不对,因此B,D不对。 5) The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat noB. eating notC. not to eat D. not eating 答案:

28、C。warn一词要求后用不定式,此处为不定式的被动,否定形式为be warned not to do。 八、不定式的特殊句型不定式的特殊句型so as to 1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。 2)so kind as to -劳驾 Would you be so kind as to tell m

29、e the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。 2、 Why not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议 为什么不? 干吗不? 例如: Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假? 3、Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等: Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。 for 与of 的辨别方法: 用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如: You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。 He is hard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。) 4、不定式的特殊句型tooto1)tooto太以至于 He is too excited to speak.

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