从框架理论的角度分析英汉互译.docx

1、从框架理论的角度分析英汉互译从框架理论的角度分析英汉互译 摘 要：框架理论是认知语言学中的一个重要组成部分，它从认知的角度合理地解释了翻译现象。翻译实践不仅涉及到不同的语言，而且还涉及到不同的文化。由于不同语言存在框架系统和次框架的差异以及文化框架的差异, 因此翻译的任务实际上就是需要找到能够激活与原语相同或相似的认知框架的语言表达式。本文从框架理论的定义及特点入手，结合实例探讨框架理论在英汉互译中的应用，分析其在英汉互译应用过程中的优缺点，从而使框架理论在未来被应用到更广阔的领域中，更准确地指导人们的实践与认知。关键词：框架理论;英汉互译;文化框架;应用An Analysis on the

2、Sexism of English Proverbs Abstract: Language, as a mirror of the real world, can give us a vivid reflection of social customs and values. Proverb, the essence of language, is actually a pure concentration of the entire content of culture. With a long history and their ancient origins, English prove

3、rbs stem from the accumulation of experience, which have been passed on from generation to generation. Thus, it is more representative and persuasive to make a research on sexism from proverbs. The thesis aims at specializing in sexism reflected in the English proverbs, probing into the phenomenon t

4、hrough an inductive study of the proverbs applied in English from two major aspects and seven points in total. Besides, the thesis has also investigated into the causes of sexism from three aspects: historical influence, physical influence and psychological influence, revealing the sex bias against

5、women in vocabulary so as to enhance peoples awareness about sexism and provide reference value in this field of study.Key Words: English; gender language; proverb; sexismI IntroductionThere are great differences among human languages, among which the differences in gender may have the oldest origin

6、. Concentrated by humanists and linguists, “such language difference and discrimination in gender is sexism” (Bolinger, 1989:21). Sexism is a newly-made word, but it has already deeply rooted on proverbs.However, it was not until the 20th century, did scholars begin to place their eyes on the proble

7、ms between language and gender. The first generation to do research on gender language from the point of linguistics are represented by O. Jesperson and E. Mauthner, but their study was only drawn from personal views or occasional communication, until the middle of this century, the study started to

8、 take its full wings. After the 1970s, some famous linguistics, such as Lakoff, made a probe on the social causes of gender language. From the end of 1980s to 1990s, linguists focused on the further investigation and study of the different forms of man and woman. The similar research in our country

9、began to take shape from the end of 1970s, and most of the articles at that time were just the introduction of gender from the perspective of English culture origin. The contrastive analysis and research originated from the 1980s, the experts in this field were not many, such as Suns Gender and Lang

10、uage (1997) which made an elaborate study on the basis of psycholinguistics. Nowadays, more and more linguists put forward many systematic and comprehensive books and authoritative articles, such as Zhaos Language and Gender (2003).Proverb, an indispensible part in the thesis, is actually a pure con

11、centration of the entire content of culture, and “the wisdom of nations lies in their proverbs.” (Thomas Paine, 1935:201) With a long history and their ancient origin, English proverbs stem from the accumulation of experience of daily life and the wisdom of the common people, which has been handed d

12、own from generation to generation. Thus a proverb is a more representative and persuasive perspective to make a research on sexism. By means of an inductive study, the thesis has probed into the sexism phenomenon of the proverbs applied in English from three major aspects and seven points in total.

13、Furthermore, the thesis has also investigated into the causes of sexism from three aspects: historical influence, physical influence and psychological influence, aiming at making a clear demonstration of sexism in language level and hoping to help people reduce the daily bias against women.II Prover

14、bs and SexismIn this part, some knowledge of proverb and sexism will be exposed, among which the origin and development of proverb will give us a little illustration about the existence of sexism in English.2.1 ProverbsProverb, as the special form of language, is one of the types of idioms1, which e

15、xists in all languages. Although we are very familiar with proverbs, it is hard to make a correct definition for the term “proverb”. And many authoritative dictionaries provide various definitions. According to Oxford Advanced Learners English一Chinese Dictionary, a proverb is “a short well-known say

16、ing that states a general truth or gives advice” (2004:1384). And it is believed that a proverb typically expresses a common thought in a succinct, often metaphorical way. Succinct and pithy saying is in general use and expresses common ideas and beliefs.Proverb is a part of every spoken language an

17、d folk literature, originating in oral tradition. Often a proverb is found with variations in many different parts of the world. Literate societies dating back to the ancient Egyptians have collected proverbs. It is believed that the word “proverb” first took its shape from the Greek word “paroimia”

18、, which has the meaning of figuration, referring to such kinds of words difficult to be understood, or words to be understood after second thought. A majority of proverbs are from the myth of Greece and Rome, allegory, drama and many famous works, which are different from those forged from the daily

19、 life. In English, the word proverb at first covers far more contents than now, which concludes idiom, metaphor as well as many regular pet words. It is said that 47% or so took its shape in the 17th century. In the 18th century, around 16% appeared, while 12% in the 19th century. So it is quite cle

20、ar that most proverbs came into existence before the 17th century. In North America, the best-known collection is probably Poor Richards Almanac2. Proverbs are created by common people, transmitted through daily communication, which are the summary of general regulatory experience and the fruits of

21、the wisdom of the common. According to their contents, they can be divided into four major parts: meteorological proverbs, archaeological proverbs, living proverbs and social proverbs. The first one is from the course of knowing the nature and concluding the experience of daily life, the second one

22、is based on the producing experience of farming by peasants, while the third one takes its origin from the summary of health protection and hygiene, the last kind is from the attention in socializing, dealing with things both home and broad. As is shown above, a proverb is a kind of saying which exp

23、resses a truth based on common sense or the ageless human experience of the people in simple and concrete, though often metaphorical language. Being an essential part of language, it plays an important role in language, which is considered as living fossils by linguists because they contain a large

24、quantity of ageless human experience. Without proverbs, a language would become colorless and boring for lacking of vitality and vividness. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake some research work on proverbs. 2.2 SexismSexism, a word of prejudice or discrimination based on sex, especially discrim

25、ination against women or behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex, first came known in 1968. Sexism is an analogy term of racism made by American feminists, which is distinguished itself on the basis of biological sex. Sexism, more often than not, has t

26、wo definitions, one being the discrimination of men towards women, and vice versa. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, sexism is defined as “the belief that women are weaker, less intelligent, and less important than men” (2007:1807). So, it is necessary to point out that sexism

27、 we mention here is the discrimination of men towards women. The sexism reflected in language has formed the sexism of language. It is made up after the revelation of the asymmetry in language, which has a basis on the Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis. And the hypothesis points out that language has close re

28、lation with culture, for language itself is a part of culture whose reflection is in fact a kind of cultural phenomena. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis puts much attention on the relation between language and culture, which gives a theory basis to sexism. For this reason, this hypothesis has alternatively be

29、en referred to as Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity3- a view which was first expounded by the German ethnologist. Linguistics maintain the language under the chains of religious laws and the social statues can reflect the natural content of societys schematamen take the major roles in

30、 the world while the images of women are broken.In order to acknowledge the term sexism better, first of all, we must make a distinction between sex and gender. From the very beginning, “gender” was just a grammatical lexicon which referred to the feminine or masculine of a word. Later on, Western f

31、eminists adopted and made it the key concept of feminism. Originated from Western feminism movements, feminism is the belief that women should have equal rights to men in every aspect. It involves various movements, theories and philosophies, which are all concerned with the issues of gender differe

32、nces. Feminism advocates equality for women and also campaigns for womens rights and interests. With the extensive spreading of feminisms movements, the concept of gender develops and then forms into a systematical theory. Before gender theory is discussed, a brief review of those feminism schools i

33、s necessary as they have contributed a lot to it. Simone de Beauvoir, the author of The Second Sex, once said “sex is biological, while gender is social and cultural” (1973:125). In her book, she argued that women throughout history have been defined as the “other” sex, a deviation from the normal male. While the British sociologist Anthony