xdf笔记之作文.docx

1、xdf笔记之作文第二部分：图画作文写作的训练： 1、寻找参照物 2、两种训练方法：(1) 英汉互译 (2) 模仿法 imitation2002年写作真题an American girl in traditional Chinese costume study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled Cultures-National and International. In the essay you should1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning,

2、 and 2) give your comment on the phe-nomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)关于comment 的三个写作角度： 1、提建议 your suggestions, your solutions; 2、考虑背景及原因 background and reasons; 3、描述未来、预测未来;(审题构思时应注意：以小见大、把握象征寓意)描述图画的单词： 发带 ribbon 耳环 earrings 项链 necklace少数民族 minority gro

3、up 妇女服饰 accessories范文再现：This picture vividly depicts a lovely American girl in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face. She wears ribbons, earrings, necklaces and other accessories, that are characteristic of the clothes of a certain Chinese minority group. Undoubtedly, this costu

4、me has added oriental charm to her beautiful look.What the picture conveys goes far beyond only a fashion trend. Instead it carries cultural meanings. The fact that people from different countries are attracted to the mysterious Chinese culture, indicates that to some extent a culture can be accepte

5、d, respected, appreciated, and shared internationally. In other words, a nations unique culture can become international（走向世界） through worldwide economic and cultural exchanges. Since the trend of globalization seems increasingly irresistible（不可抵挡）, cultural communications will effectively improve m

6、utual understanding and friendship.In my opinion, national culture as a priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished. Yet there are good reasons to advocate international culture. For those ideas from the other cultures, controversial（有争议的、格格不入的）or even absurd at first sight, can p

7、rovide a different perspective for us to observe the world. However, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side（取其精华、去其糟粕）. Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively, and make our world dimensi

8、onal, colorful and vigorous.写作题型总结：1、提纲式作文（91年-96年）2、图表作文（97年、99年）3、图画作文（98年、00年、01年、02年、03年）4、情景式作文（新增加，尚未考过）5、简单应用文（新增加，尚未考过）着重研究事务信函（分为建议信、求职信、申请信、表扬信、投诉信等）四大类主题题型总结：1、观点对比选择题 eg.(91年) Where to live, in the city or the country? 提纲：1、城市的利与弊 2、乡村的利与弊 3、我的看法，我的选择 （四六级99年）Reading selectively or exten

9、sively? （四六级97年）My view on job-hopping （四六级00年）大学英语口语考试是否必要？ 推荐题目：(1) Which to celebrate, western festivals or the Chinese? (2) Cyber-bars advantages and disadvantages（网吧的利与弊） (3) My view on private cars2、现象阐释题 eg.(93年) TV advertisements 提纲：(1) present states (2) reasons (3) my comments(94年) On maki

10、ng friends 阐释：(1) the need for friend (2) true friendship (3) my principle(96年) good health 阐释：(1) importance of good health (2) ways to keep fit (3) my own practice 新概念：亚健康状态、全民补钙、关爱老年人健康、绿色食品、全民健身、爱滋病的蔓延、精神抑郁症、保龄秋热、瑜珈功热、健身操热、疯牛病的威胁.第二段：对 keep fit 的错误理解；三种可行的观点：（1）锻炼身体及方式； （2）保证饮食健康； have regular m

11、eals; go on a diet;（3）同样要保证精神健康； optimistic mentality 开朗乐观的心态 (02年) Cultures- National and International 阐释略（看前面的范文）3、问题解决题 关键：文章的第三段，如何解决问题 代表作：(98年) Such promises 考题描述：图片插入语：（1）本母鸡下蛋不见棱见角； （2）保证有蛋皮、蛋清、蛋黄； 蛋清 egg white; 蛋皮 egg shell; 蛋黄 yolk; 都不必写。打油诗：各行各业兴承诺，欢迎监督不委托； 原本皆为份内事，何须高唱文明歌。 图画作文做题原则：构思时，

12、需要以小见大，把握象征寓意。分析主题：抨击各行各业中对于完成自己职责的浮夸风；提倡少说空话、多干实事的精神。提建议的思路：先说国家、政府该怎么办，问题主要是由于国家的法律制度不健全，所以国家政府应当制定法律法规；第二条思路，自己应提高个人觉悟建议：平时多注意这类事物，有意识的自我练习。 举例：(1) 讽刺中小学、大学的乱收费问题 overcharging； (2) 讽刺电视节目对儿童的不利影响； (3) 讽刺大城市的空气污染现象。 尤为重要：以小见大，把一个现象看作一个普遍现象。(03年) 温室中的花朵经不起风雨 题目分析：温室 green house;要锻炼自己的独立生活能力，在艰苦环境下磨

13、练自己的毅力才有前途，才能发展。4、观点论证题（01年出现） （文章第二段中）命题角度：1、举例论证段 2、原因论证段 3、数据论证段代表作：(01年) 爱心是一盏灯，在越黑暗的地方越明亮。（助人为乐的主题）2000年考题Study the following two pictures carefully and write and essay to1) describe the pictures,2) deduce（推理）the purpose of the drawer of the pictures, and3) suggest counter-measures（对策）.You shou

14、ld write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.A brief History of World Commercial FishingAs is shown in the pictures, we can see clearly that with the rampancy of commercial fishing, the number of fishes considerably decreased. In one picture, there were various kinds of fish and only one fishin

15、g-boat in 1900. On the contrary, in 1995 there was only one fish, but many fishing-boats.The purpose of this picture（修正为the two pictures或the pictures与第一段一致）is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the decrease （可换为decline、reduction、shrinkage、shrinking）of ocean resources. Owing to over-fish

16、ing the number of fishes has obviously decreased（可换为declined、reduced、shrunk）. If we let this situation go as it is, we wont know where fish is in the future. （一般说我不知道，你不知道，他不知道用一般现在时就够了：I dont know不管过去，现在，未来都用这个形式，于是改为：will be in the future。）By that time, our environment will suffer a great destruct

17、ion.（提示：By +未来时间：将来完成时对应结构是：will have done即我们将已经）Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic（firm） measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to control commercial fishing. For another, we should enhance（cultivate） the awareness of people that the ocean r

18、esources are very vital（重要的）to us. Only in this way can we protect our ocean resources. Also I believe that we humans can overcome this difficulty, and we will have a brilliant future.第三部分 考研写作的训练方法复习：学习写作的训练方法：1.会意法找一篇250300字的范文，反复的英汉互译，通过此过程中的检查和比较来发现自己的语法和拼写错误，逐渐使范文作者的语言中的优秀的闪光点为我所用，从而达到提高自己水平的目的

19、。2.模仿法在每联一篇范文的时候都把它的好的句型和闪光点抄在卡片上，不断的accumulation并汇集成册，然后在以后每次的训练中刻意的用35个，这样循序渐进，作文便有把握突破10分，12分。学习方法方面的建议：一. 强化词汇词汇量少会导致语言贫乏,没有办法做到丰富多变，所以需要大幅度扩展词汇，譬如接近考研大纲要求的5300个词汇，如果在词汇量没有大幅度扩展的时候，期望以题海战术来提高的话，效果是不会太明显的。建议在7月份之前至少把去年的大纲词汇过一遍，在新大纲出台后再结合新大纲，查漏补缺。这样通过词汇量的大幅扩展就可以使听力，阅读，写作的水平都有很大的提高。单词记忆的几点建议： 1. 卡片

20、记忆：把难记的单词，长单词，偏词，怪词记在卡片上，在平时多看几遍，从而轻松的就记住了。 2. 通过阅读记忆：在上面记住的基础上，通过大量阅读，不断应用,不断重复，不断检验，便可以牢牢的记住了。 3. 经常自测：譬如利用单词表，先看英语说汉语意思，其中不熟的，没记住的，单独摘出来或标记出来； 再反过来，看英语说汉语，也把不熟的和没记住的标出来，对这些反复的记忆。4. 寻找考研伙伴，互相测试 : 每天互相考一下，把难记的，长的，偏的，怪的多考一考，利用互相的竞争意识，来激发学习的欲望，从而但到记忆的目的。二. 学以致用：在记住的基础上不断练习，达到熟能生巧的效果。 例句: 大家普遍认为 译文一:

21、People usually think 译文二: It is universally acknowleged that 译文三: It is generally accepted that 译文四: It is widely believed that 例句: 不言而喻 译文一: It goes without saying that 译文二: There is no denying that 译文三: There is a common belief that例句: 大家普遍认为互联网在现代社会中发挥着越来越重要的作用。译文：It is universally acknowleged th

22、at internet is playing an increasingly important role in our information society.译文：It goes without saying that internet is playing an increasingly important role in our information society.例句: 大家普遍公认Beatles是英国历史上最伟大的摇滚乐队。 译文：It is universally acknowleged that Beatles is the greatest rock-band in th

23、e British history. 译文：There is a common belief that Beatles is the greatest rock-band in the British history.三. 把书读透：面对大量的优秀的权威的资料，书籍，买了好多，但是每本都浅尝辄止，这样做是根本没有效果的。我们从多个英语学习成功人士的事例中总结出来的方法是，选定一本喜欢的书，认真地把它读透，把里面的每个单词，每个优秀的句子，包括磁带都钻研透，这样的话 应该会有巨大的飞跃。四：在写作中培养一丝不苟的学习态度：良好的写作习惯不仅在考试中会拥有优势；而且对于形成良好的工作习惯，以及作为

24、众多的英语学习者中的佼佼者而脱颖而出都是大有裨益的。我从我的学习经历中总结出来，只有始终抱着一丝不苟的态度，对所作的工作，认真的反复的检查，才能保证精品的诞生。积少成多，聚沙成塔，一两个小错误不在乎的话，错误多了，就有可能掩盖你工作真正的闪光点。 所以说真正优秀的英语要一滴滴积累，一点点磨练才能换来的。第四部分 考研作文范文分析主旨：以一丝不苟的态度对范文认真地分析，从而提高对语言的敏感性。好的作文需要语言丰富多变 ：重要的单词尽量不重复有些主题词难免重复：譬如computer，PC对于非主题词，如形容词，副词，动词则能改造就改造，用同义词，近义词来表达。减少，缩减 ； decrease 减少

25、，衰退，范围减少； decline decline declined减少 reduce reduction reduced范围减小，范围减缩； shrink shrinkage; shrinking; shrunk改造动词时要具体情况具体分析，对特殊动词要注意它的特殊的过去式形式（具体修改在2000年真题第4页上的范文）图画作文范文二范文八Directions: A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write and essay in about 200 words. B. Your essay must be written clearl

26、y on ANSWER SHEET II. C. Your essay should meet the requirements below: 1. Decribe the cartoon and the message conveyed 2. Draw a conclusion and give your comment on the cartoonPollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world. As is shown in the cartoon, two cars are giving off waste g

27、as and three people trying to avoid breathing in the poisonous gas by masking their face with their hands. The poisonous gas sent off byfactories, domestic appliances and automobiles has made the air unhealthy for people to breathe.There is no denying that automobiles are indications of civilization

28、, progress and development; nevertheless, automobiles cause the serious problem of air pollution. Scientists have warned that unless effective measures are taken, the problem of pollution will eventually get out of hand（除非采取有效的措施，否则问题将会失控）. Actually, people are showing a real（可替换为growing）concern ove

29、r（固定搭配） the problem. For example, there is an increasingly loud voice from the public for firm action against pollution from automobiles.Indeed, the earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our descendants. In my opinion, we should work out concrete solutions t

30、o the problem of pollution from poisonous gas given off by automobiles. For example, the automobiles should be equipped with a device which can dispose of waste gas.I concrete solutions to the problem of pollution from poisonous gas given off by automobiles. For example, the automobiles should be eq

31、uipped with a device which can dispose of waste gas so as to prevent it from polluting air. Only in this way can we really solve the problem of air pollution caused by automobiles.（优点：在文末用倒装句展现句型的丰富多变）Cartoon：漫画，卡通画 picture，photo：照片give off： 排放 send off：排放waste gas：废气 poisonous gas：有毒气体用手捂住脸：cover my face with my hands masking their face with their hands.家用电器：domestic appliances household appliances不可否认的是：there is no denying that是的标志：are indications of或者用is an indication of 又或者是 are indicative of是的象征：is a symbol of同样有：be symbolic of标志着：indicate 或者是：symbolize尽管如此：nevertheless导致严重问题cau