高中化学公式大全Encyclopedia of high school chemistry formulas.docx

1、高中化学公式大全Encyclopedia of high school chemistry formulas高中化学公式大全（Encyclopedia of high school chemistry formulas）F97High school chemistry formula inductionUser comments article source: () release time: 2009-10-29High school chemistry formula can be said to each stage throughout the high school chemistr

2、y curriculum, and even can be said to be the core content of high school chemistry, review stage to sort out all the chemical formula, one by one, understanding and classification of memory, only the first to remember only the next step might be to use flexibly, so here we sorting out the high schoo

3、l chemistry textbook formula, we can according to their use.First, non-metallic elements (F2, Cl2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si)1. oxidation:F2 + H2 = 2HFF2 + Xe = XeF2 (excess)2F2 (excess) + Xe = XeF4NF2 + 2M = 2MFn (most metal)2F2 + 2H2O = 4HF + O22F2 + 2NaOH = 2NaF + OF2 + H2OF2 + 2NaCl = 2NaF + Cl2F2 + 2

4、NaBr = 2NaF + Br2F2 + 2NaI = 2NaF + I2F2 + Cl2 (volume) = 2ClF3F2 (excess) + Cl2 = 2ClF37F2 (excess) + I2 = 2IF7Cl2 + H2 = 2HCl3Cl2 + 2P = 2PCl3Cl2 + PCl3 = PCl5Cl2 + 2Na = 2NaCl3Cl2 + 2Fe = 2FeCl3Cl2 + 2FeCl2 = 2FeCl3Cl2 + Cu = CuCl22Cl2 + 2NaBr = 2NaCl + Br2Cl2 + 2NaI = 2NaCl + I25Cl2 + I2 + 6H2O

5、= 2HIO3 + 10HClCl2 + Na2S = 2NaCl + SCl2 + H2S = 2HCl + SCl2 + SO2 + 2H2O = H2SO4 + 2HClCl2 + H2O2 = 2HCl + O22O2 + 3Fe = Fe3O4O2 + K = KO2S + H2 = H2S2S + C = CS2S + Fe = FeSS + 2Cu = Cu2S3S + 2Al = Al2S3S + Zn = ZnSN2 + 3H2 = 2NH3N2 + 3Mg = Mg3N2N2 + 3Ca = Ca3N2N2 + 3Ba = Ba3N2N2 + 6Na = 2Na3NN2 +

6、 6K = 2K3NN2 + 6Rb = 2Rb3NP2 + 6H2 = 4PH3P + 3Na = Na3P2P + 3Zn = Zn3P22. reducibilityS + O2 = SO2S + O2 = SO2S + 6HNO3 (strong) = = = H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O3S + 4HNO3 (dilute) = = = 3SO2 + 4NO + 2H2ON2 + O2 = 2NO4P + 5O2 = P4O10 (often spelled P2O5)2P + 3X2 = 2PX3 (X F2, Cl2, Br2)PX3 + X2 = PX5P4 + 20

7、HNO3 (strong) = = = 4H3PO4 + 20NO2 + 4H2OC + 2F2 = CF4C + 2Cl2 = CCl42C + O2 = 2CO (small)C + O2 = CO2 (enough)C + CO2 = 2COC + H2O = CO + H2 (water gas generation)2C + SiO2 = Si + 2CO (prepared coarse silicon)Si + 2Cl2 = SiCl4 (coarse)(SiCl4 + 2H2 = Si + 4HCl (pure)Si + O2 = SiO2 (powder)Si + C = S

8、iC (emery)Si + 2NaOH + H2O = Na2SiO3 + 2H23 (base) disproportionationCl2 + H2O = HCl + HClO(acid inhibition, disproportionation, addition of alkali or illumination to promote disproportionation)Cl2 + 2NaOH = NaCl + NaClO + H2O2Cl2 + 2Ca = CaCl2 + 2 (OH) Ca (ClO) 2 + 2H2O3Cl2 + 6KOH (hot concentrated

9、) = = = 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O3S + 6NaOH = 2Na2S + Na2SO3 + 3H2O4P + 3KOH (concentrated) + 3H2O + 3KH2PO2 = PH311P + 15CuSO4 + 24H2O = 5Cu3P + 6H3PO4 + 15H2SO43C + CaO = CaC2 + CO3C + SiO2 = SiC + 2COTwo, the reduction of metallic elements (Na, Mg, Al, Fe)2Na + H2 = 2NaH4Na + O2 = 2Na2O2Na2O + O2 = 2Na

10、2O22Na + O2 = Na2O22Na + S = Na2S (explosion)2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H22Na + 2NH3 = 2NaNH2 + H24Na + TiCl4 = 4NaCl + Ti (melting)Mg + Cl2 = MgCl2Mg + Br2 = MgBr22Mg + O2 = 2MgOMg + S = MgSMg + 2H2O = Mg + H2 (OH) 22Mg + TiCl4 = Ti + 2MgCl2 (melting)Mg + 2RbCl = MgCl2 + 2Rb2Mg + CO2 = 2MgO + C2Mg + SiO2

11、 = 2MgO + SiMg + H2S = MgS + H2Mg + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + H22Al + 3Cl2 = 2AlCl34Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3 (passive)4Al (Hg) + 3O2 + 2xH2O + 4Hg = 2 (Al2O3.xH2O)4Al + 3MnO2 = 2Al2O3 + 3Mn2Al + Cr2O3 = Al2O3 + 2Cr2Al + Fe2O3 = Al2O3 + 2Fe2Al + 3FeO = Al2O3 + 3Fe2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H22Al + 3H2SO4 = Al2 + 3H2 (SO4

12、) 32Al + 6H2SO4 (strong) Al2 (SO4) = 3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O(Al and Fe are passivated in cold, dense H2SO4 and HNO3)Al + 4HNO (diluted) Al (NO3) = 3 + NO + 2H2O2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O = 2NaAlO2 + 3H22Fe + 3Br2 = 2FeBr3Fe + I2 = FeI2Fe + S = FeS3Fe + 4H2O = Fe3O4 + 4H2 (g)Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2Fe + CuCl2 = FeCl2

13、+ CuFe + SnCl4 = FeCl2 + SnCl2(iron does not take four tin chloride completely in an acid environmentReduced to tin, Fe + SnCl2=FeCl2 + Sn)Three, non-metallic hydride (HF, HCl, H2O, H2S, NH3)1, reducibility:4HCl (concentrated) + MnO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O = MnCl24HCl (g) + O2 = 2Cl2 + 2H2O16HCl + 2KMnO4 = 2K

14、Cl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O14HCl + K2Cr2O7 = 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 7H2O2H2O + 2F2 = 4HF + O22H2S + 3O2 = 2SO2 + 2H2O (enough)2H2S + O2 = 2S + 2H2O (small)2H2S + SO2 = 3S + 2H2OH2S + H2SO4 (strong) = = = S + SO2 + 2H2O3H2S + 2HNO (dilute) = = = 3S + 2NO + 4H2O5H2S + 2KMnO4 + 3H2fc *) for demonstrating

15、so3 = = = 2mnso4 + k2so4 + 5s + 8h2o3h2s + k2cr2o7 + 4h2so4 = = = cr2 (so3) 3 + k2so4 + 3s + 7 h20 with4na2o2 + h2s + 2h2o = = = na2so4 + 6naoh2nh3 + 3cuo = = = 3cu + n2 + 3h2o2nh3 + 3cl2 = = = n2 + 6hcl8nh3 + 3cl2 = = = n2 + 6nh4cl4nh3 + 3o2 (纯氧) = = = 2n2 + 6h2o4nh3 + 5o2 = = = 4no + 6h2o4nh3 + 6n

16、o = = = 5n2 + 6h2o (用氨清除no)nah + h2o = = = naoh + h24nah + ticl4 = = = i + 4nacl + 2h2cah2 + 2h2o = = = ca (oh) 2 + 2h22、酸性:4hf + sio2 = = = sif4 + 2h2o(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中sio2的含量)2hf + cacl2 = = = + 2hcl cafh2s + fe = = = edf + h2h2s + cucl2 = = = + 2hcl cush2s + 2agno3 = = = ag2s + 2hno3h2s + hgcl2 =

17、 = = hgs + 2hclh2s + pb (n03) 2 = = = pbs + 2hno3h2s + fecl2 = = =2nh3 + 2na = = 2nanh2 + h2(nanh2 + h2o = = = naoh + nh3)3, 碱性:nh3 + hcl = = = nh4clnh3 + hno3 = = = nh4no32nh3 + h2so4 = = = (nh4) 2so4nh3 + nacl + h2o + co2 = = = nahco3 + nh4cl(此反应用于工业制备小苏打, 苏打)4, 不稳定性:2hf = = = h2 + f22hcl = = = h2

18、 + cl22h2o = = = 2h2 + o22h2o2 = = = 2h2o + o2h, s = = = h2 + s2nh3 = = = n2 + 3h2四、非金属氧化物低价态的还原性:2so2 + o2 = = = 2so32so2 + o2 + 2h2o = = = 2h2so4(这是so2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)so2 + cl2 + 2h2o = = = h2so4 + 2hclso2 + br2 + 2h2o = = = h2so4 + 2hbrso2 + i2 + 2h2o = = = h2so4 + 2hiso2 + no2 = = = so3 + no2 +

19、o2 = = = 2no2no + no2 + 2naoh = = = 2nano2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的no和no2)2co + o2 = = = 2co2whose = = = co + cu + co23co + fe2o3 = = = 2fe + 3co2co + h2o = = = co2 + h2氧化性:so2 + 2h2s = = = 3 + 2h2oso3 + 2ki = = = k2so3 + i2no2 + 2ki + h2o = = = no + (2 + 2koh(不能用淀粉ki溶液鉴别溴蒸气和no2)4no2 + h2s = = = 4no + so3 + h

20、2o2no2 + cu = = = 4cuo + n2co2 + 2mg = = = 2mgo + c(co2不能用于扑灭由mg、ca、ba、na、k等燃烧的火灾)sio2 + 2h2 = = = + 2h2osio2 + 2mg = = = 2mgo +3、与水的作用:so2 + h2o = = = h2so3so3 + h2o = = = h2so43no2 + h2o = = = 2hno3 + non2o5 + h2o = = = 2hno3p2o5 + h2o = = = 2hpo3p2o5 + 3h2o = = = 2h3po4(p2o5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂p2o5 + 3h2

21、so4 (浓) = = = 2h3po4 + 3so3)co2 + h2o = = = h2co34、与碱性物质的作用:so2 + 2nh3 + h2o = = = (nh4) 2so3so2 + (nh4) 2so3 + h2o = = = 2nh4hso3(这是硫酸厂回收so2的反应.先用氨水吸收so2、再用h2so4处理: 2nh4hso3 + h2so4 = = = (nh4) 2so4 + 2h2o + 2so2生成的硫酸铵作化肥、so2循环作原料气)so2 + ca (oh) 2 = = = caso3 + h2o(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别so2和co2.可用品红鉴别)so3 + mg

22、o = = = mgso4so3 + ca (oh) 2 = = = caso4 + h2oco2 + 2naoh (过量) = = = na2co3 + h2oco2 (过量) + naoh = = = nahco3co2 + ca (oh) 2 (过量) = = = caco3 + h2o2co2 (过量) + ca (oh) 2 = = = ca (hco3) 2co2 + 2naalo2 + 3h2o = = = 2al (oh) 3 + na2co3c6h5ona + co2 + h2o = = = c6h5oh + nahco3sio2 + cao = = = casio3sio2

23、 + 2naoh = = = na2sio3 + h2o(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)sio2 + na2co3 = = = na2sio3 + co2sio2 + caco3 = = = casio3 + co2五、金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性:6feo + o2 = = = 2fe3o4feo + 4hno3 = = = fe (no3) 3 + no2 + 2h2o2、氧化性:na2o2 + 2na = = = 2na2o(此反应用于制备na2o)mgo, al2o3几乎没有氧化性, 很难被还原为mg, al.一般通过电解制mg和al.fe2o3 + 3h2 = = = 2fe + 3h2o

24、 (制还原铁粉)fe3o4 + 4h2 = = = 3fe + mncl2.4h2o3、与水的作用:the na2o + h2o = = = 2naoh2na2o2 + h2o = = = 4naoh + o2(此反应分两步: na2o2 + h2o = = = 2naoh + h2o2;2h2o2 = = = h2o + o2. h2o2的制备可利用类似的反应:bao2 + h2so4 (稀) = = = baso4 + h2o2)mgo + h2o = = = mg (oh) 2 (缓慢反应)4、与酸性物质的作用:the na2o + so3 = = = na2so4the na2o +

25、co2 = = = na2co3the na2o + 2hcl = = = 2nacl + h2o2na2o2 + 2co2 = = = 2na2co3 + o2na2o2 + h2so4 (冷、稀) = = = na2so4 + h2o2mgo + so3 = = = mgso4mgo + h2so4 = = = mgso4 + h2oal2o3 + 3h2so4 = = = al2 (so4) 3 + 3h2o(al2o3是两性氧化物:al2o3 + 2naoh = = = 2naalo2 + h2o)feo + 2hcl = = = fecl2 + 3h2ofe2o3 + 6hcl =

26、= = 2fecl3 + 3h2ofe2o3 + 3h2s (g) = = = fe2s3 + 3h2ofe3o4 + 8hcl = = = fecl2 + 2fecl3 + mncl2.4h2o六、含氧酸1、氧化性:4hclo3 + 3h2s = = = 3h2so4 + 4hclhclo3 + h = = = hio3 + hcl3hclo + h = = = hio3 + 3hclhclo + h2so3 = = = h2so4 + hclhclo + h2o2 = = = hcl + h2o + o2(氧化性: hclo hclo4、 hclo3 hclo2But the concen

27、trated and hot HClO4 is very oxidizing2H2SO4 (concentrated) + C + 2SO2 + 2H2O = CO22H2SO4 + S = 3SO2 (concentrated)D9B+ 2H2OH2SO4 + Fe (Al) passivation at room temperature6H2SO4 (strong) + 2Fe (SO4 = Fe2) 3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O2H2SO4 (concentrated) + Cu + SO2 + 2H2O = CuSO4H2SO4 (concentrated) + 2HBr + Br2

28、 + 2H2O = SO2H2SO4 (concentrated) + 2HI + I2 + 2H2O = SO2H2SO4 (dilute) + Fe + H2 = FeSO42H2SO3 + 2H2S = 3S + 2H2O4HNO3 (concentrated) + C + 4NO2 + 2H2O = CO26HNO3 (concentrated) + S + 6NO2 + 2H2O = H2SO45HNO3 (concentrated) + P + 5NO2 + H2O = H3PO46HNO3 + Fe = Fe (NO3) 3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O4HNO3 + Fe = F

29、e (NO3) 3 + NO + 2H2O30HNO3 + 8Fe = 8Fe (NO3) 3 + 3N2O + 15H2O36HNO3 + 10Fe = 10Fe (NO3) 3 + 3N2 + 18H2O30HNO3 + 8Fe = 8Fe (NO3) 3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O2, reducibility:H2SO3 + X2 + H2O = H2SO4 + 2HX(X stands for Cl2, Br2, I2)2H2SO3 + O2 = 2H2SO4H2SO3 + H2O2 = H2SO4 + H2O5H2SO3 + 2KMnO4 = 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 +

30、 2H2SO4 + 3H2OH2SO3 + 2FeCl3 + H2O = H2SO4 + 2FeCl2 + 2HCl3, acidic:H2SO4 (concentrated) + CaF2 + 2HF = CaSO4H2SO4 (concentrated) + NaCl + HCl = NaHSO4H2SO4 (concentrated) + 2NaCl + 2HCl = Na2SO4H2SO4 (concentrated) + NaNO3 + HNO3 = NaHSO43H2SO4 (strong) + Ca3 (PO4) 2 = 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO42H2SO4 (strong

31、) + Ca3 (PO4) 2 = = = 2CaSO4 + Ca (H2PO4) 23HNO3 + Ag3PO4 = H3PO4 + 3AgNO32HNO3 + CaCO3 = Ca (NO3) 2 + H2O + CO2(H2S, HI, HBr, H2SO4 (SO2) could not be prepared with HNO3 and concentrated pEquivalent reducing gas)4H3PO4 + Ca3 (PO4) 2 = 3Ca (H2PO4) 2 (TSP)H3PO4 (concentrated) + NaBr + HBr = NaH2PO4H3PO4 (concentrated) + NaI + HI = NaH2PO44, in