1、初中英语语法讲座一4初中英语语法讲座(一)姓名_一、名词关于名词,我们必须掌握名词的数,名词的格。单数-可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数,在元音发音开头的单词前用an,而不是a可数名词名词的根据数 复数不可数名词1.复数的构成方法:(1)一般在复数名词后加s,如:dog-dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es,如:watch-watches。(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es,如:country-countries。请区别:如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词,则只须加s如:monkey-monkeys。(4)以o结尾的名词,只有potato(土豆),tomato(西红柿)加e
2、s 构成复数。(5)以f、fe结尾的名词,变f、fe为v再加es,如:knife-knives。2.单复数形式相同的词:sheep-sheep,fishfish, Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese3.特殊变化的单词有:(1)tooth-teeth,foot- feet(2)man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen, Frenchman-Frenchmen请区别:German(德国人)-Germans(3)childchildren4.常以复数形式出现的名词:people(人),clothes(衣服),trousers(裤子
3、) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时,同学们应特别注意它们的谓语,用复数。如:My clothes are (be) newer than yours.5.有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的,应特别加以记忆。如:news(消息),maths(数学),physics(物理)No news is good news.6.可用how many,many,a few,few,a lot of,lots of,some,any等来修饰可数名词复数。How many are there in your pencil-box? (knife)不可数名词:1.常见的不可数名词
4、有:water,rice,fish,meat,等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.2.不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成单数。如:Some bread over there. (be)3.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of ,some, any等来修饰不可数名词。4.常用a piece of, a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义,bread仍为不可数名词,不加s,而piece则可加s。即:tw
5、o pieces of bread请区别:可数名词也可用量来表示,如:三箱苹果three boxes of apples例: 1、These two pieces of bread are over there.(be)2、Could I have three ,please?A. piece of bread B. .piece of breads C. pieces of bread D .pieces of breads名词的格名词所有格的构成方法,在名词后加“ s”。如:Tom Toms译为“的”,若遇上以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“ ”即可。如:Teachers Day , two
6、 weeks holiday,而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加s 。如:Childrens Day关于名词所有格,应掌握以下几点:1.可用名词所有格表示地点。如:my aunts 我姑姑家。 go to the doctors 去医生家。2.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加s如:Lucy and Lilys 露西和莉莉的3.掌握词组:a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友eg ; The white shirt is and blue one isA、Kate ,my B .Kates ,mine C .Kate ,mine
7、D .Kates, my二、冠词冠词是词汇中的基础的,也是简单的部分,所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法,中考也会体现这一点。归纳起来,同学们应该掌握以下几点:1.冠词指不定冠词a, an和定冠词the2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前,如:an hour, an English car. 请区别:a useful machine3.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如:the sun ,the moon, the earth5.定冠词the用于序数词前,表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如:the first, the best ,in the
8、south6.在复数姓氏前加the,表示一家人,常看成复数。如:The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如:in the box ,behind the chair8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面:(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如:in summer, in August 请区别:in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指,故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。 如:have breakfast ,play football(3
9、)一些固定词组中,如:go to bed ,go to school ,by bus ,at night.9.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别: in front of 在前面 in the hospital 在医院里 in the front of 在范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院 Theres 800-metre-long road behind hospital. A. an, an B .a, a C .an, the D. a, the初中英语语法讲座(二)姓名_三、数词同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词,以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考
10、查,中考常采用单选题及听力题,这些题型归纳起来,应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。1.基数词变序数词。其规律为:1,2,3特殊记,加th 从4起 (first, second, third, fourth)8少t,9去e,千万别忘记 (eighth ,ninth)逢5逢12,ve变f (fifth ,twelfth)20到90,y要变ie (twentieth ,ninetieth)若是几十几,前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first)2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。 如:five hundred people.只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s
11、,构成复数形式。hundreds of 数以百计的,成百上千的thousands of 数以千计的,成千上万的millions of 数百万的这些词组前不能用具体数字。3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。eg: Henry has learned eight French words this year.A. hundred B. hundreds C .hundred of D .hundreds ofThe lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)另外,同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。顺读法(钟点分钟) 如:4:30
12、four thirty 4:45 four forty-five4:15 four fifteen倒读法(分钟topast钟点) 如:4:30 half past four4:15 fifteen past foura quarter past four4:45 fifteen to fivea quarter to five练习题1.At the beginning of the_(twenty) century, the worlds population was about 1700 million.2.Are these_(watch)yours? Yes.3.You dont loo
13、k well. Youd better go to the_(doctor) at once.4.Would you give me _, please?A. two papers B .two piece of paper C. two pieces of paper D .two pieces of papers5.There are three _and seven _in the picture.A. monkeys , sheeps B. monkeys, sheep C. monkies, sheep D. monkies, sheeps6.A lot of_ are talkin
14、g with two_.A. Germans, Frenchmans B. Germen, Frenchmans C. German, Frenchmen D. Germans, Frenchmen7.June 1 is _.A. the Childrens Day B. the C hildrens Day C .Childrens Day D. Childrens Day思考题1._people went out to see what had happened.A. Thousands of B. Three thousand of C. Thousand of D. Three tho
15、usands2.We have been in the school for_.A. three and a half month B .three and a half monthsC. three month and a half D .three months and half3._English is_ useful language.A.A, an B./, a C. The, an D. A, /初中英语语法讲座(三)姓名_四、代词(一)人称代词 主格 I you he she it we you they宾格 me you him her it us you them物主代词 形
16、容词性 my your his her its our your their名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语,相当于一个形容词,名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语,相当于一个名词。2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。如:These books arent ours. Ours are new. (这里ours=our book
17、s) This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room)3.of+名词性物主代词表示所属如:a sister of his 他的一个妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为:“第二人称,第三人称,第一人称”。如:You, she and I all enjoy the music.5.关于反身代词,同学们须掌握其固定结构:enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)help oneself to (随便
18、吃/喝 些.)learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学)练习题1.-Whose trousers are these? -_, I think.A. They B. Their C. Theirs D. Them2. Nobody taught_ English. He taught_.A. him, himself B. his, himself C .him, by himself D. his, his(二)修饰可数词 many few 表否定意义 a few 表肯定意义修饰不数名词 much little 表否定意义 a little
19、表肯定意义few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时,常加不定冠词 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.用little, a little, few, a few填空:1.I often stay at home because I have _ friends here.2.Jim,dont go and get some water. There is _ water in the glass.3.Though he learned French only _ weeks. He can speak ve
20、ry well.4.Lily had _ bread because she was hungry yesterday.(三)不定代词: something, anything, nothing.当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时,常后置。 如:something newTheres _ in todays newspaper. 中考题A. important anything B. important somethingC. anything important D. something important(四)另外,代词some, every, all, both, either, anothe
21、r1.some(一些,某) 一般用于肯定句中 注:some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。any(任何) 多用于疑问句和否定句 Will you give me some water? Would you like some meat? May I ask some questions? Could I have some apples?2.every单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性,作定语,形式上为单数。 each “每一个” 强调个性,作定语、主语、宾语和同位语,常与of连用。如:Each student was asked to try again.Each of them has a n
22、ice skirt. Every child likes playing games.3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上,作同位语时,一般放在连系、助动词之后,行为动词之前。 none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词of如: We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.None of us is/are afraid of dogs.(单、复数均可)4.both “(两者)都” 作主语时,看作复数;作定语时,后跟名词复数。either “两者中任何一个” , 作主语时,谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时,后跟名词单数
23、。neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义,用法同either。如:They both swim well. Both of them swim well.There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street.Neither of us is going to Beijing next week Neither answer is right.5. another +单数名词, “另一个” one the other “一个,另一个”the other +复数
24、名词= the others “其他的人或物” (指确定范围内剩下的全部)others “别人”(五)疑问代词 5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which这里,which是同学们不易掌握的内容,其实,同学们只须记住,对作定语的内容提问,常用which.Im going to take the skirt on the right. (97中考题)_ _ are you going to take?初中英语语法讲座(四)姓名_五、形容词 副词大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级:原级:比较级: 比较.,更.一些最高级: 最.(A)1.构成:(规则情况)情 况 变 化
25、 方 法 例 词单音节词和少数双音节词: 一般情况 加er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest以字母e结尾 加r, st nice-nicer-nicest重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写加er, est big-bigger-biggest以辅音字母加y结尾 变y为i加er, est early-earlier-earliest部分双音节和多音节词 在词前加more, mostslowly-more slowly-most slowly2.不规则变化,须熟记:good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-fart
26、her-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least(B)常见的使用情况1.as as 和.一样(中间用原级)2.not as(so) as 和.不一样(中间用原级)3 than . .比.(用比较级)4.有范围修饰的用最高级 如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的eg. Winter is the coldest season of the year.This is the best film that I have ever seen .5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越.”eg: wetter and wetter m
27、ore and more beautiful6. The+比较级,the+比较级 越.就越.eg:The more, the better. 越多越好(C)注意点:1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。3.在比较级中为了避免重复,在than后常用one, that, those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。eg: The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.(D)掌握三种同义句转换:1.He is taller than any other stude
28、nt in his class.=He is the tallest (student)in his class.2.This film is less interesting than that one.=This film isnt as interesting as that one.=That film is more interesting than this one.3.I prefer maths to English.=I like maths better than English.96中考题:Which do you like _, fish, meat _ eggs?A
29、.best, or B .better, or C .best, and D. better, and此外,关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握:1.形容词修饰名词作定语,跟在连系动词之后作表语。2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词enough属例外词:形/副+enough to do enough+名词 eg; she is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。3.区别几组易混淆的副词:也too用于肯定、疑问句also 较为正式书面语either 用于否定句已经already 常用于肯定句、疑问句yet 常用于否定句、疑问句不再no (not any) longer 从时间上讲no (not any) more 从动作上讲如此这样such 修饰名词 eg: such a big boxso 修饰形容词、副词 eg: so big单独、独自alone 作表语 =by oneself孤独的lonely 可作表语、定语eg: A group of girls are singing and dancing _ over there. (happy)练习题1.The students are having a good time in the park.
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