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情态动词.docx

1、情态动词情态动词常用的情态动词有:can, could, may, might, must, ought to.can表示现在或将来的情况,主要表示:1,能力: Can you swim? Can the money speak?2,可能性: Can I help you? I can call you tomorrow.3,有时会,不经常如此: Boys can be very naughty. It can be windy in fall in this area.4,(用于否定句以及疑问句)可能: That cant be David . He had gone to Britain

2、yesterday. You cant be hungry. We have just finished the lunch.5,表示“准许”(做某事),可以与may互换。 You can smoke in the hall. They can call the police.could 的用法: 1 作为can的过去式,表示过去的情况,可表示能力,可能性。 2用来代替can,说明现在的情况。 (1)委婉地提出请求,想法,建议等。 Could you please show me the pictures? I could do it now if you want me to.(2)用于疑问

3、及否定句表示惊异,不相信等。 Could that be ture? How could you be so heartless?1, 表示“必须”、“一定要”、“得”(多指现在或将来情况)2, 表示推想,“一定”、“准是”等3, 表示“应当做某事”,和可互换的用法:定义: 1情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与不带to的普通动词的不定式一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词后面加动词原形。 分类:情态动词有四类:只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),ought to可做情态动词又可做实义动词

4、:need,dare可做情态动词又可做助动词:shall(should),will(would)具有情态动词特征:have(had) to,used to 位置:情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中, 情态动词则在主语之前。 I can see you. Come here. 我能看见你,过来吧。 He must have been away. 他一定走了。 What can I do for you? 我能帮你吗?How dare you treat us like that! 你怎能那样对待我们! 特点:情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟

5、的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 not。 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表更 2加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。He could be here soon. 他很快就来。 We cant carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。 Im sorry I cant help you. 对不起,我帮不上你。 基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是,基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想: What have you

6、 been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义) I am afraid I must be going. (一定要) You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经) 除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征: 1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式: We used to grow beautiful roses. I asked if he would come a

7、nd repair my television set. 2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一: They need not have been punished so severely. 3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式: She dare not say what she thinks. 4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词: Still, she neednt have run away. 5) 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在

8、、过去或将来时间: Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something? She told him he ought not to have done it. 6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用: You should have washed the wound. Well, you shouldnt be reading a novel. 用法 3首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只

9、是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形 例句:I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。 We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。 May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗? Shall we begin now?我们现在就开始吗? You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。情态动词数量不多,但

10、用途广泛,主要有下列: can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better. 功能助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类:基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个:do, have和be;情态助动词有十三个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, use

11、d to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能: 1) 构成否定式: He didnt go and neither did she. The meeting might not start until 5 oclock. 2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式: Must you leave right now? You have been learning French for 5 years, havent you? 3) 构成修辞倒装: Nowhere can he obtain any information about his s

12、ister. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 4) 代替限定动词词组: A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can. A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do. 4can和could的用法1. 表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。如: Can you finish this work tonight? Man cannot live without air. Can I go now? Yes, you can. 注意:coul

13、d也可表示请求,语气委婉,主要用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句,答语应用can(即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)。如: Could I come to see you tomorrow? Yes, you can. (否定答语可用No, Im afraid not.) can表示能力时,还可用be able to代替。如: Ill not be able to come this afternoon. 2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中) Can this be true? How can you be so careless! This cannot

14、be done by him. 3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如: He cannot have been to that town. Can he have got the book? 4. 用在疑问句及否定句中,表示惊讶,不相信等.5. cannottooenough表示无论怎样也不过分,越越好 may和might的用法1. 表示许可。 表示请求、允许时,might比may的语气更委婉一些,否定回答时要用mustnt表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。如: You may drive the car. Mig

15、ht I use your pen? No, you mustnt. 用May I . 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式,在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中,用Can I . 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。 2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如: May you succeed! 53. 表示推测、可能(疑问句不能用于此意)。 He may be very busy now. 4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如: He may not have finished the work. must和have to的用法1. 表示必须、必要。(must表示主

16、观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些)如: You must come in time. 回答must引出的问句时,如果是否定的回答,不能用mustnt,而要用neednt或dont have to。 Must we hand in our exercise books today? Yes, you must. (No, you dont have to.) 2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测,它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 This must be your pen. 3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生的行为的推测。

17、它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 He must have been to Shanghai. 4. have to的含义与must相似,两者往往可以互换使用,但have to有各种形式,随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同: must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to则往往强调客观需要。如: The play is not interesting. I really must go now. I had to work when I was your age. must一般只表现在,have to则有更多的时态形式。 二者的否定意义不大相同。如: You

18、 mustnt go. 你可不要去。 You dont have to go. 你不必去。 询问对方的意愿时应用must。如: Must I clean all the room? dare和need的用法1. need表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中,在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如: 6You neednt come so early. Need I finish the work today? Yes, you must. 注意:neednt + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如:

19、You neednt have waited for me. 2. Dare作情态动词时,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,一般不用在肯定句中。如: How dare you say Im unfair. He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he? 3. Dare和need常用作实义动词,有时态、人称和数的变化,所不同的是,作实义动词时,在肯定句中,dare后面通常接带to的不定式,在否定和疑问句中,dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。如: I dare to swim across this river. He does

20、 not dare (to) answer. Dont you dare (to) touch it! I wondered he dare (to) say that. He needs to finish it this evening. shall和should的用法1. Shall用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意愿。如: What shall we do this evening? 2. Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如: Shall we begin our lesson? When shall he be able to leave th

21、e hospital? 3. Shall用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如: You shall fail if you dont work harder. (警告) He shall have the book when I finish reading. (允诺) He shall be punished. (威胁) 4. Should表示劝告、建议、命令,其同义词是ought to;在疑问句中,通常用should代替ought to。如: You should go to class right away. Should I open the window?

22、Should的含义较多,用法较活,现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子: I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。 7 You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看,你是搞错了。 I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。 This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的。 从以上例句可以看出:情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的

23、语气。 Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句,表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成,主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如: Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她,请让她给我打个电话。 If you should change your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意,请通知我们。 Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间,我就来。 此外,Why

24、(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如: Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚? Where is Betty living? 贝蒂住在哪里? How should I know? 我怎么会知道呢? I dont know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。 5. “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务,表示应该做到而实际上没有做到,并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如: She shoul

25、d have finished it. I should have helped her, but I never could. You should have started earlier. will和would的用法1. 表示请求、建议等,would比will委婉客气。如: Would you pass me the book? 2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。如: I will never do that again. They asked if we would do that again. The door wont open 83. 用“will be”和“will(would) +

26、 have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测,主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测,后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如: This will be the book you want. He will have arrived by now. The guests would have arrived by that time. I thought you would have finished this by now. 4. Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式,并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如: The wound would

27、 not heal. During the vacation he would visit me every week. 5. 表料想或猜想。如: It would be about ten when he left home. What would she be doing there? I thought he would have told you all about it. ought to的用法1. Ought to表示应该。如: You ought to take care of him. 2. 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别: He must be at home by

28、 now. (断定他已到家) He ought to be home by now. (不十分肯定) This is where the oil must be. (比较直率) This is where the oil ought to be. (比较含蓄) 3. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如: You ought to have asked him (but you didnt). 这时,ought to和should可以互相换用。 注意:在美国英语中,ought to用于否定句和疑问句时,to可以省略。如: Ought you smoke

29、 so much? You oughtnt smoke so much. used to,had better,would rather的用法 91. Used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在间接引语中,其形式可不变。如: He told us he used to play football when he was young. 在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中,可有两种形式: 疑问句 Did you use to go to the same school as your brother? Used you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句 I usednt to go there. I didnt use to go there. Usednt 亦可拼作usent,但发音皆为ju:znt。 否定疑问句 Usent you to be interested in the theatre? Didnt you use to be interested in the theatre? 强调句 I certainly used to smoke, but

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