届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义 专题十一 主谓一致与特殊句式.docx

1、届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义 专题十一 主谓一致与特殊句式专题十一主谓一致与特殊句式主谓一致主谓一致是指句子的谓语动词和其主语在人称和数上必须保持一致。主谓一致一般遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1语法一致原则主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。(1)动名词短语、动词不定式短语、单个从句或不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。Everything is in a complete mass, which drives peo

2、ple crazy.所有的事情都毫无头绪，让人发疯。名师指津what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式。What he said is far from the truth.他的话与事实相差太远了。What the school needs are qualified teachers.这个学校需要的是合格的老师。(2)主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的短

3、语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。The teacher as well as his students was very excited.老师和他的学生们都很兴奋。(3)and, both . and .连接两个不同的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式。Her teacher and her friends are in the sitting room.她的老师和朋友们都在客厅。The poet and writer has produced many works.这位诗人兼作家创作了许多作品。(4)定语从句中关系代词作

4、主语时，从句中的谓语动词的形式要与先行词保持一致。I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasure.我将永远珍惜那些充满欢乐的时光。(5)“many a或more than one可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。Every boy and every girl wis

5、hes to attend the party held on Sunday.每个男生和女生都希望参加周日的聚会。2意义一致原则意义一致原则是指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。(1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。

6、The class are doing experiment.全班学生都在做实验。(2)“分数/百分数/the majorityof名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只做了60% 的工作。All of this is wond

7、erful, but the best part of this film is the acting.所有这些都很精彩，但电影最精彩的部分是表演。(3)“the形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The old are taken good care of here.在这儿老年人被照顾得很好。(4)a quantity of后既可接不可数名词，也可接可数名词复数，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；quantities of后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。A quantity of time has been wasted on th

8、e project.Quantities of time have been wasted on the project.大量的时间被浪费在这个项目上。(5)“a number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。A number of students have gone for an outing.许多学生去远足了。The number of the students is increasing year after year.学生的数量逐年增加。(6)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单

9、数形式。Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.对于一个男孩来说，3 000美元是一笔大数目。3就近一致原则就近一致原则是指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。(1)由or, either .or ., neither . nor ., not only . but also ., not . but .等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomo

10、rrow.要么是你要么是你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。(2)由there, here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。There are three books and a pen on the desk.桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。命题点感悟 单句语法填空(2018全国卷)While running regularly cant make you live forever, the review says it _ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.解

11、析：is根据语境可知，此处叙述的是一般的客观事实，且本句中宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致，故使用一般现在时。it指代上一句的running regularly，是第三人称单数，故填is。(2017全国卷)Fast food_ (be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.解析：is主语是“Fast food”，是不可数名词短语，所以谓语用单数形式，且此处讲的是现状，所以填is。(2017江苏高考改编)The pu

12、blication of Great Expectations, which _ (be) both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens status as a leading novelist.解析：was句意：远大前程这部小说的出版发行受到各界的评论和高度赞扬，它巩固了狄更斯作为顶尖小说家的地位。分析句子结构可知，which指代“The publication of Great Expectations”，故定语从句中的谓语动词应该使用单数形式；根据句中的strengthened可知，应使用一般过去时态，故填wa

13、s。(2016全国卷)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow _ (be) often acceptable.解析：is主语是“Leaving the less important things until tomorrow”，为动名词短语作主语，所以谓语动词用单数形式，此处表示客观情况，用一般现在时。(2016浙江高考)He would ask who we _ (be) and pretend not to know us.解析：were宾语从句中主语是we，为复数，故be动词应该用were。倒装句1部分倒装(1)将含有否定意义的副

14、词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有：never, seldom, rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely . when ., no sooner . than ., not only . but also ., not until, nowhere, neither . nor . 等。Not until I lost my job did I realize I should improve my working skills.直到我失去工作我才意识到我应该提高工作技能了

15、。(2)“only状语”置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.只有当你的心态平和时，你才能与别人保持良好的关系。(3)so/such . that . 结构中的so, such 连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。Such great progress did he make that he was praised.他取得了如此大的进步以至于受到了表扬。(4)表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时，用倒装结构“

16、so/neither/nor助动词/系动词/情态动词主语”(so表示肯定意义，neither/nor表示否定意义)。I saw the film Harry Potter last week; so did she.上周我看了哈利波特这部电影，她也看了。2全部倒装(1)here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room 等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，且主语为名词时，句子用全部倒装。John opened the door. There stood a girl he had nev

17、er seen before.约翰打开门，他从来没见过的一位女孩站在那儿。South of the river lies a small factory.河的南面有一个小工厂。(2)有时为平衡句子结构或突出、强调，将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，构成“表语系动词主语”的完全倒装结构。Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests.出席晚会的有格林先生，还有许多其他的宾客。强调1.强调句型(1)强调句型的基本结构：It is/was被强调的部分that/who句子其他部分。该句型可对句子的主语、表语、宾语、状语等

18、进行强调。当被强调部分是人，且作主语时，可用who或that，其他情况下一律用that。It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.只有通过倾听和相互理解，父母和孩子之间的问题才可能被解决。名师指津强调主语时，要注意连接词和谓语的一致性。It is our teacher who/that helps us make great progress.正是我们的老师帮助我们取得了很大的进步。(2)强调句型的一般疑问句

19、结构：Is/Was it被强调的部分that/who句子其他部分？Was it in the park that he met our new teacher?他是在公园里遇到我们的新老师的吗？(3)强调句型的特殊疑问句结构：特殊疑问词is/wasitthat句子其他部分？When was it that he made up his mind to take this course?他是什么时候决定选修这门课程的？名师指津由疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序。She doesnt know who it was that saved her son.她不知道是谁救了

20、她的儿子。(4)not . until的强调句型结构：It is/was not until . that句子其他部分。It was not until he got home 30 minutes later that he found he had left his bag in the taxi.直到他到家三十分钟后他才发现他把包落在了出租车上。2强调谓语动词用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词，用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定的陈述句中，do还可以用于祈使句。She did tell me her address, but I forgot all about it.她确实告

21、诉过我她的地址，但我全忘了。省略1.状语从句中的省略在as if, if, though, when, where, while, no matter what, until等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含be动词，而主语又与主句的主语一致或从句主语是it时，从句的主语和谓语中的be动词可以一起省略。All the photographs in this book, unless (the photographs are) stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.这本书里所有的照片，除非有说明，否则，都要追溯到20世纪50 年代。2动词不定式的省略在主动语态

22、中，感官动词或使役动词后接不定式作补足语时，往往将不定式符号to省略；在同一句话或同一情景对话中，当同一动作再次出现在后面的不定式位置上时，通常省略该动作而保留不定式符号to。The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to.那名司机想把车停靠在路边，但是警察不允许他这样做。3常用的省略结构其他特殊句式1感叹句的3种常见句式(1)What (a/an)形容词名词主语谓语！What beautiful flowers they are!多么美丽的花啊！(2)How形容词a/

23、an可数名词主语谓语！How clever a boy he is！What a clever boy he is!多聪明的男孩呀！(3)How形容词/副词主语谓语！How high the mountain is！这山真高呀！2祈使句祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。一般不出现主语，谓语动词一律用原形；否定词一律在动词前加dont。祈使句的强调形式是在句首加do。Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face, remember this: All you need to do is focus on one thing.

24、任何时候你发现你的面前有椅子在挥动的时候，请记住这一点：你需要的是集中注意力于一件事情。3反意疑问句反意疑问句由“陈述句反问句”构成，若陈述句为肯定式，反意疑问句为否定式，反之亦然。(1)陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句当must作“必须”讲时，其反意疑问部分用neednt; 当mustnt (不允许，禁止)时，其反意疑问部分用must。You must go now, neednt you?你现在必须走，不是吗？You mustnt smoke here, must you?你不能在这里吸烟，是吧？当must表示推测，作“一定，准是”讲时，反意疑问部分的动词形式要根据must后面的动词发生的

25、时间确定。You must have watched the football match last night, didnt you？你昨晚一定是看足球比赛了，是吧？(2)陈述部分含有used to时，疑问部分用usednt或didnt均可。You used to play football, usednt/didnt you?你过去常常踢足球，是吗？(3)陈述部分含有否定词的反意疑问句当陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, scarcely, never, few, little, nothing, nobody等否定词或半否定词时，疑问部分动词用肯定式。He could hardl

26、y get up, could he?他几乎起不来了，不是吗？陈述部分含有由否定意义的前缀或后缀构成的词，疑问部分一般用否定式。Mary dislikes sports, doesnt she?玛丽不喜欢体育运动，不是吗？(4)陈述部分含有宾语从句时，疑问部分的主语和主句的主语保持一致。He said that she would come here on time, didnt he?他说她会准时来这里，不是吗？名师指津当主句是I think/believe/suppose等结构时，反意疑问部分往往根据宾语从句的主语和谓语而定，需特别注意否定转移的现象中的肯定式和否定式。I dont thi

27、nk he will attend the meeting on time, will he?我认为他不会准时参加会议，是吗？三大特殊句式的易错点1.强调句易错点剖析易错点一：强调句和定语从句混淆(1)在强调句型中that没有意义，且不作任何成分；(2)定语从句中的that为关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。试比较：It is novels that Miss Wang enjoys reading.(强调句)It is a question that needs careful consideration.(定语从句)在实际考查中，命题人可能会将定语从句隐藏于强调句型中进行考查，增加了

28、题目难度。例1Could it be in the restaurant where you had dinner with me yesterday _ you lost your handbag?分析that分析句子结构可知，空处应填that，与前面的“Could it be”共同构成强调句式。易错点二：强调句和主语从句混淆强调句型去掉“it is/was”和“that”之后，句子结构仍然完整，而主语从句则不能。试比较：Its there that the accidents often happen. (强调句)It is a fact that English is being acc

29、epted as an international language.(主语从句)例2(2016江苏高考改编)It is often the case _anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.分析that本句中“It”是形式主语，真正的主语是连接词that引导的主语从句，that在句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不能省略。易错点三：强调句和时间状语从句混淆强调句型去掉“it is/was”和“that”之后，句子结构仍然完整，而“it is .when .”中，it指时间。试比较：It was at six oclock tha

30、t I got up early. (强调句)It was six oclock when I got up early.(状语从句)例3It was only when I reread his poems _ I began to appreciate their beauty.分析that句意：正是当我重读他的诗歌时我才开始欣赏它们的美。分析句子结构可知，此处是对时间状语从句的强调，故填that，与前面的“It was”共同构成强调句式。易错点四：强调句的主谓一致例4(2014湖南高考改编)Its not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do that _ (make) life happy.分析makes句意：不是做我们喜欢的事情，而是喜欢我们不得不做的事情才能让生活愉快。此处为强调句型，去掉“Its”和“that”后，可以看出句子的主语是“not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do”，根据“就近原则”，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。2倒装句易错点剖析易错点一：漏掉助动词/情态动词/be动词例5(2018湖北八校联考改编)Not until then