环境生态学复习考试主要内容.docx

1、环境生态学复习考试主要内容2009年环境生态学（双语）考试主要内容第一章：Introduction :what is ecology专业名词解释：Ecology can be defined as the study of relationships between organisms and environment. 可以被定义为生态，生物和环境之间的关系的研究。Ecology is indeed the study of relationships between organisms and the environment. 生态确实是生物和环境之间的关系的研究。Biosphere (生物

2、圈): The portions（部分）of earth that support life, also refers to the global ecosystem（生态系统）. 生物圈(biosphere)地球表层中的全部生物和适于生物生存的范围，它包括岩石圈上层、水圈的全部和大气圈下层。Ecosystem (生态系统): A biological community plus all of the abiotic factors influencing that community. 生物群落及其地理环境相互作用的自然系统，由无机环境生物的生产者(绿色植物)、消费者(草食动物和肉食动物)

3、以及分解者(腐生微生物)4部分组成。Nutrient (营养): Chemical substance require for the development, maintenance and reproduction of organisms. 生物体的生长，维护和繁殖所需的化学物质。Epiphytes (附生植物): A plant, such as orchid, that grows on the surface of another plant but is not parasitic. 一个（如兰科）植物，生长在另一种植物的表面，但不寄生。Ecotone (群落交错带): A sp

4、atial transition from one type of ecosystem to another, for instance, the transition from woodland to grassland. 从一个生态系统类型变到另一种，例如一个从林地到草原空间的过渡。简述题：1) Explaining why the nutrient of soil under tropical rain forest is poor, and where the nutrient stored in tropical rain forest 解释为何热带雨林下的土壤养分差，热带雨林中的营

5、养存在在哪呢由于热带地区，降水量较大，淋洗能力强，可将营养元素随水淋洗出土体，同时植物不断吸收土壤中的养分，对于木本植物每年残体归还量有限，因此不断的将养分吸收而没有补充，就会导致土壤中的养分含量越来越低，而导致土壤贫瘠。第2章：Population distribution and abundance专业名词解释：Biomes are distinguished primarily by their predominant plants and are associated with particular climates. Soil is a complex mixture of livi

6、ng and nonliving material upon which most life depends. Climate diagrams summarize a great deal of useful climatic information, including seasonal variation in temperature and precipitation , the length and intensity of wet and dry seasons, and the portion of the year during which average minimum te

7、mperature is above and below 0. 生物群落的区分主要是由他们的主要植物，并与特定的气候相关。土壤是一个复杂的生命和非生命的混合物，其中有大部分生活所依赖的物质。气候图，总结了大量有用的气候信息，包括温度和降水的季节变化，雨季和旱季的长度和强度，并在今年的部分在此期间，平均最低气温高于和低于0。tropical rain forest热带雨林: 一般认为热带雨林是指阴凉、潮湿多雨、高温、结构层次不明显、层外植物丰富的乔木植物群落。平均温度为2530。Tropical savanna热带稀树草原:在具有较长期干旱季节的热带或亚热带地区，以旱生草本植物为优势，并星散分布

8、着旱生乔木或灌木的植物群落。Temperate forest温带雨林: 本带主要分布在亚洲北部、欧洲大部和北美洲北部.南半球因温带范围大陆很狭,温带森林面积很小.亚欧大陆东部,受温带季风气候影响,夏季温暖多雨,冬季寒冷降水少,南部是落叶阔叶林,以砾类为代表,典型土壤是暗棕壤.大陆西部,受温带海洋性气候影响,夏季温暖,冬季比大陆东岸暖和,降水四季分配均匀,Tundra苔原: 极地或高山永久冻土分布区，以地衣、苔藓、多年生草本和小灌木组成的无林的低矮植被。简述题：1） Draw a typical soil profile, indicating the principal layers, or

9、horizons. Describe the characteristics of each layer. 画出一个典型的土壤剖面，表明主体层，或视野。描述每一层的特点。（书上20页的图）2） Indicating the distribution of tropical rain forest on the world, and describe the environmental characteristics. 2）表示热带雨林在世界上的分布，描述环境特征。（书上21页）Tropical rain forests straddle the equator in three major r

10、egions: Southern Asia, West Africa, and South and Central America Most rain forests occurs within 10 of latitude north or south of the equator. Outside this equatorial band are the rain forests of Central America and Mexico, southeastern Brazil, eastern Madagascar, southern India, and northeastern A

11、ustralia. 热带雨林在三个主要地区跨越赤道：东南亚，西非，南亚和中美洲（）。大多数雨林发生在北纬或赤道以南10。这个赤道带外，中美洲和墨西哥，巴西东南部，马达加斯加东部，印度南部，澳大利亚东北部的热带雨林。全年高温多雨。全年湿度较高，降水的季节分配比较均匀，但个别地区仍有显着差异。全年受赤道海洋气团控制，风力微弱，季相无变化，基本每日上午闷热晴朗，接着积云越积越厚，午后则暴雨倾盆，雨后天气稍凉，第二天又复如此。3） Indicating the distribution of tropical savanna on the world, and describe the environ

12、mental characteristics. 1）说明世界上的热带稀树草原的分布，并描述环境特征。干湿季对比非常明显的热带地区。主要见于东非、南美巴西高原和印度等地。我国云南一带干热河谷、海南岛北部和台湾西南部也有类似的群落分布。这些地区终年温暖但雨量分配不均匀。年均温约1824，年降雨量5001500毫米。特点：由于禾草的生产力高以及植被稀疏开旷等特点，所以在干扰较少的热带稀树草原中常有大量有蹄类食草哺乳动物，如非洲萨王纳群落中的斑马、长颈鹿等。还有一些大型食肉动物如非洲狮等。它们与前述的植物群落共同形成热带独特的自然景观，引人注目。 热带稀树草原的生产力比雨林低，平均约为3克/米2天4）

13、 Indicating the distribution of temperate forest on the world, and describe the environmental characteristics. 2）说明温带森林分布在世界上，描述环境特征。本带主要分布在亚洲北部、欧洲大部和北美洲北部.南半球因温带范围大陆很狭,温带森林面积很小.亚欧大陆东部,受温带季风气候影响,夏季温暖多雨,冬季寒冷降水少,南部是落叶阔叶林,以砾类为代表,典型土壤是暗棕壤.大陆西部,受温带海洋性气候影响,夏季温暖,冬季比大陆东岸暖和,降水四季分配均匀,非常适合落叶了、阔叶林生长,以欧洲山毛榉、白桦为代

14、表树种.典型土壤是棕壤.温带森林带主要动物有松鼠、黑熊等. 5） Indicating the distribution of temperate grassland on the world, and describe the environmental characteristics. 3）世界上温带草原的分布，并描述环境特征。温带草原（temperate grassland）温带气候下的地带性植被类型之一。在世界上分布有两大区域，即欧亚草原区和北美草原区。我国草原属欧亚草原区一部分。我国草原区的水热条件大体保持温带半干旱到温带半湿润的指标，年均气温-3910，积温为16003200，最冷

15、月平均气温为-729，年降水量在350毫米以下，气候干燥，雨量少而变率大，多集中夏季，冬季寒长，有明显的季相更替，土壤为黑钙土或栗钙土。草原植物中旱生结构普遍存在，如叶面积缩小，叶片内卷，气孔下陷，机械组织和保护组织发达，地下部分发达，根系分布较浅。第3章：Life in water专业名词解释：Kelp forest: 海带森林：（54页图上面那段）Coral reef: 珊瑚礁热带海洋中一些海岸、岛屿、暗礁周围和海滩大量生长造礁石珊瑚为主的骨骼堆积形成的礁体，统称为珊瑚礁。有岸礁、堡礁和环礁三种类型。Salt marshes: 盐沼含有大量盐分的湿地。内陆盐沼多分布于干旱地区，由河流或地下

16、水带来盐分的长期蒸发积累而成；海滨盐沼分布在河口或海滨浅滩，由海水浸渍或潮汐交替作用而成。Mangrove forest红树林：红树林（Mangrove）指生长在热带、亚热带低能海岸潮间带上部，受周期性潮水浸淹，以红树植物为主体的常绿灌木或乔木组成的潮滩湿地木本生物群落。组成的物种包括草本、藤本红树。它生长于陆地与海洋交界带的滩涂浅滩，是陆地向海洋过度的特殊生态系。Salinity盐度 ： The amount of salt dissolved in water is called salinity.一定量的盐被溶解在水中。Dissolved oxygen溶解氧： The amount of

17、 oxygen dissolved in water is called dissolved oxygen. 溶解在水中的氧气量称为溶解氧。简述题：1) Indicating the distribution region (地区)of kelp forest, and environmental characteristics;2) Indicating the distribution region of coral reef, and environmental characteristics; 分布：1.岸礁沿大陆或岛屿岸边生长发育，亦称裙礁或边缘礁。堡礁又称堤礁，是离岸有一定距离的堤

18、状礁体，它与陆地隔以泻湖。3，台礁呈台地状高出附近海底，但无泻湖和边缘隆起的大型珊瑚礁。也称桌礁。,环境特征：1珊瑚生长的水温约为2030C盐度造礁珊瑚生长在盐度为2740的海水中，最佳盐度范围是3436。 水深一般认为造礁珊瑚生长的水深范围是 050米，最佳水深为20米以浅。光照 一般热带光照强，时间长，平均光照率在50%以上，有利于珊瑚礁的发育。 风和风浪一般迎风浪一侧礁发育较好。 河流河流入海处，海水盐度低，泥沙含量大，混浊度高，海水透明度低，会使珊瑚窒息而死，所以有大量泥沙入海的河口处一般不发育岸礁，如海南岛的岸礁在河口区缺失。 海平面变动当海面稳定时，珊瑚礁平铺发展，但厚度不大；当海

19、面上升或海底下沉时，形成的礁层厚度较大。当海面下降或地壳上升时，形成的礁层厚度也不大，也有的礁体可高出海面成为隆起礁。这种影响因素对古代礁意义较大。 3) Indicating the distribution region of salt marshes, and environmental characteristics; 盐沼广泛分布于海滨、河口或气候干旱或半干旱的草原和荒漠带的盐湖边或低湿地上。盐沼地表水呈碱性、土壤中盐分含量较高，表层积累有可溶性盐，其上生长着盐生植物，这是它的基本特性。盐沼中的植物长期生活在多盐的生理性干旱条件下，其形态结构具有旱生特性4) Indicating t

20、he distribution region of mangrove forest, and environmental characteristics;红树林的分布虽受气候限制，但海流的作用使它的分布超出了热带海区。在北美大西洋沿岸，红树林到达百慕大群岛，在亚洲则见于日本南部，它们都超过北纬32的界线，在南半球红树林分布范围比北半球更远离赤道，可见于南纬42的新西兰北部。由于海水环境条件特殊，红树林植物具有一系列特殊的生态和生理特征为了防止海浪冲击，红树林植物的主干一般不无限增长,而从枝干上长出多数支持根,扎入泥滩里以保持植株的稳定。在生理方面，红树植物的细胞内渗透压很高。这有利于红树植物从

21、海水中吸收水分。同一种红树植物生长在海潮深处的叶片常较厚；生长于高潮线外陆地上的叶片常较薄。第4章：Temperature relations专业名词解释：Macroclimate is what weather station report and what we represented with climate diagrams in chapter 2. Microclimate is climate variation on a scale of a few kilometers, meters, or even centimeters, usually measured over s

22、hort periods of time. Photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to the chemical energy of organic molecules, is the basis for the life of plantstheir growth, reproduction, and so on. Acclimation involves physiological, not genetic, changes in response to temperature; acclimation is generally re

23、versible with changes in environmental conditions. 简述题：Microclimate is influenced by landscape features such as altitude, aspect, vegetation, color of the ground, and presence of boulders and burrows. 第5章：Water relations专业名词解释：Relative humidity: a measure of the relative water content of air. Relati

24、ve Humidity= water vapor density/ Saturation water vapor densityWater potential: we can define water potential as the capacity of water to do work, and we also can define the free energy of water in solutions; Vapor pressure deficit is calculated as the difference between the actual water vapor pres

25、sure and the saturation water vapor pressure.简述题：Try to explain why a tall tree can absorb water up to teens of meters from soil by water potential view.第6章：Energy and nutrient relations专业名词解释：Autotroph: an organism that can synthesize organic molecules using inorganic molecules and energy from eith

26、er sunlight (photosynthetic autotrophs) or from inorganic molecules, such as hydrogen sulfide (chemosynthetic autotrophs).Heterotroph(异养生物): an organism that used organic molecules both as a source of carbon and as a source of energy.Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR): wavelengths of light betwee

27、n 400 and 700 nm that photosynthetic organisms use as a source of energy.Photon flux density: the number of photons of light striking a square meter surface each second.C3 photosynthesis: the photosynthetic pathway used by most plants and all algae, in which the product of the initial reaction is ph

28、osphoglyceric acid, or PGA, a three-carbon acid. C4 photosynthesis: in C4 photosynthesis, CO2 is fixed in mesophyll cells by combining it with phosphoenol pyruvate, or PEP, to produce a four-carbon acid. Plants using C4 photosynthesis are generally more drought tolerant than plants employing.CAM (gr

29、assulacean acid metabolism) photosynthesis: a photosynthetic pathway largely limited to succulent plant in arid and semiarid environments, in which carbon fixation takes place at night, when lower temperatures reduce the rate of water loss during CO2 uptake. Herbivore: a heterotrophic organism that

30、eats plants.Carnivore: an organism that consumes flesh; approximately synonymous with predator.PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; with wavelengths between about 400 and 700 nm, carries sufficient energy to drive the light-depend reaction of photosynthesis but not so much as to destroy organic

31、 molecules. Detritivores: organisms that feed on nonliving organic matter, usually the remains of plants. 简述题：Three different biochemical pathways are known: C3 photosynthesis, C4 photosynthesis, and CAM photosynthesis. These are found in ecologically different plants. 第7章：Social relation专业名词解释：Mate

32、 choice by one sex and/or competition for mates among individuals of the same sex can result in selection for particular traits in individuals, a process called sexual selection. Darwin used the term secondary sexual characteristics to mean characteristics of male or female not directly involved in the process of reproduction. Intrasexual selection: the process of same sex individuals contested for mating. Intersexual selection: one sex consistently c