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现在完成时.docx

1、现在完成时现在完成时现在完成时(Present perfect)过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。句型 基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p) e.g done 肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)+宾语. 否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)+宾语. 一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)+宾语. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他) 定义: (1) 强调动作是过去发生的 (2) 强调对现在的影响或

2、结果 (3) 在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作,但是结果对现在有影响。 但过去分词一定要选择准确。现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:现在完成时强调这一动作与现在 的关系,如对现在产生的结果,影响等,而一般过去时则只表示过去的事实,不表示和现在的关系.所以,表示过去固定时间的状语只能与一般过去时连用,而不能与现在完成时连用.例:Have you ever been to the Forbidden City before? 你以前去过故宫吗?Yes,I have.是的,我去过when did you go there?你什么时候去的?Last week(I went there).上星期(我去的)又如

3、:Ive just seen a horrible accident.我刚刚看见了一件可怕的事故Oh,what happened?噢,怎么了?A truck ran into a cyclist.一辆卡车撞了一个骑自行车的人举个例子:以前人们都是靠写信给远方的朋友。(一般过去时)现在电脑已经改变了我们的生活。(现在完成时)我们可以发电子邮件或使用即时通讯软件。(一般现在时)电脑技术正在不断发展。(现在进行时)将来必定会给我们带来更大的便利。(一般将来时)很简单,现在完成时用法两个方面:1。强调过去发生的,对现在造成的结果或影响2。过去发生,至今未结束,或延续到现在甚至继续下去。然后让学生记住现

4、在完成时的结构就可以了:助动词have(has)+过去分词。现在完成时(have/has done, have/has been done) 1.现在完成时常用的时间状语有lately,recently,just,already,yet,up to now,till now,so far,to this day,in the past few years/months/weeks/days,over the past few years,during the last three months,for the last few centuries,through centuries,throu

5、ghout history等。 2.在时间状语从句中,谓语动词可以用现在完成时代替将来完成时。例如: Mother wont let her watch TV until she has finished her homework.母亲要到她做完作业才让她看电视。 The dinner party will begin after all the guests arrive/have arrived.所有的客人到了以后,聚餐就开始了。 3.has/have been to与has/have gone to的区别。has/have been to表示“曾去过”,说明有某种经历;has/have

6、gone to表示“已去某地(在途中或已经到达目的地)。例如: They have been to Sweden many times.他们去过瑞典许多次了。 Jack isnt in. He has gone to the supermarket.杰克不在,他去超市了。 4.现在完成时特别强调瞬间动词和持续性动词。瞬间动词表示短暂、不能持续一段时间的动作,如come,go,leave,start,begin,become,receive,die,而持续性动词表示能持续一段时间的动作,如work,stay,live,learn等。下面列举一些常用的瞬间动词和对应的持续性动词:leave,be

7、away;die,be dead;put on,wear;fall ill,be ill;borrow,keep;catch cold,have a cold;buy,have;join the army,be in the army。例如: My brother has been in the army for some time.我兄弟参军有一段时间了。 My brother joined the army some time ago.我兄弟是一段时间以前参的军。 He has been up for an hour.他起床有一小时了。 He got up an hour ago.他一小时

8、前起的床。 Jack has been a soldier for some time.杰克当兵有段时间了。 Jack became a soldier some time ago.杰克是在一段时间前当的兵。 但是,瞬间动词的肯定结构可以用不与“for+时间段”连用的现在完成时,说明某个动作已经发生;瞬间动词的否定结构可以与“for+时间段”连用,说明某动作不发生的状态可以持续一段时间。例如: Hurry up! The film has begun.快一点!电影已经开始了。 We havent heard from her for a long time.我们很久没收到她的来信了。 5.句型

9、It is/has been + 时间段 + since(从句的谓语动词用一般过去时) 例如: It is two months since they came here.他们来这里两个月了。 It is ten years since his father died.他父亲去世有十年了。 6.持续性动词用于含有till/until的句子结构,表示该动作一直持续到某时间终止;而瞬间动词的否定结构用于till/until句子中,表示某动作不发生的状态延续到某时间终止,可译为“直到才”。例如: They went on working till supper time.他们继续工作到晚餐时间。 T

10、hey didnt stop wording till supper time.他们一直到晚餐时间才停止工作。 I will stay until you come.我会等到你来。 I wont leave until you come.直到你来了,我才会离开。 7.句型this is the first/ second/ third time that(从句的谓语动词用现在完成时) 例如:四、现在完成进行时(have/has been doing, 一般不用该时态的被动语态) 与现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时更强调,在从过去到现在的时间里,动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。例如: It se

11、ems oil has been leaking from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right. 看来,这个管道漏油已有一段时间了,我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。 At last you come! I have been waiting for you for the whole morning.你终于来了,整个上午我都在等你。 现在完成时几个值得注意的问题关于现在完成时,现行教材着重处理了“已完成用法”和“未完成用法”。无论哪种用法都强调一点,即过去动作给现在带来的结果或对

12、现在造成的影响。因此现在完成时不是属于过去时,而是属于现在时的范畴。但在高考复习中,还应该注意一些相关的问题才能对此时态有一个全面的把握。 一、 “已完成用法”是针对瞬间动词(即非延续性动词)而言的,动词通常可以表示在说话之前已经完成,而后果或影响至今仍存在。这些瞬间动词常用的有:start,finish,turn off / on,lose,become,leave,open,close,join等。例如: Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚把灯关上。 Ive finished my homework now. 现在我已经做完作业了。 I h

13、ave lost my pen. 我把笔弄丢了。 She has become a teacher. 她已经当了一名老师。 表示“已完成用法”的对应时间状语只能是表示时间点的词,如just, now, already, yet, not . yet,或者干脆不带时间状语,如上述例句中的后两个。 但是瞬间动词与时间段状语如for a week / three days连用时,并非指瞬间动词的动作延续了多久,而是包含下述两层意思:谓语动作已完成,接续动作要持续多久。例如: He has come here for three days. 他来了,准备待三天。 He has left Shangha

14、i for New York for two years. 他已离开上海去纽约,要在那里住两年。 显然若把上述两句理解成“他已来了三天”和“他已离开上海去纽约两年了”都是错误的。 二、 “未完成用法”是针对延续性动词而言的,主要表示从过去开始的动作已持续到现在,而且还会继续下去。动词多为work,study,live,know等,所带的时间状语也是持续性的,如lately,these days,since 2 days ago,since 1991,for a long time,so far,up to now等。例如: I have studied English since 1995.

15、我从1995年起开始就学习英语。 He has lived here for two years. 他住在这儿已经两年了。 但是延续性动词的完成时不带时间状语则不是说明“过去开始的动作已持续到现在,而且还会继续下去”,而是说明“动作已经结束,而影响还留在现在”。例如: She has been a teacher. 她当过教师。(含义:她现在不是教师了,在干别的工作。) (比较:She has been a teacher for three years. 她当教师已有三年。现在还是教师。) 三、 按英语语法规律,瞬间动词不能和表示时间段的状语连用,但是汉语里,却可以这样,因此英汉两种语言在转

16、换时必然有障碍。在这里,只要抓住转换规律,矛盾就会迎刃而解。现把中学阶段由瞬间性转为延续性的若干对动词列举于下面: die be dead go out be out open be open begin / start be on buy / get have / keep get up be up arrive in / come to / get to / reach be in close be closed fall / become be marry be married to get to know know finish / end be over leave / move b

17、e away / be out of join be in borrow keep catch have come back be back put on wear / have on wake be awake 此外还须记住一些由瞬间动词转换为延续性动词的常用句型: 1) 瞬间动词的过去时 + . ago 延续性动词的现在完成时 + for + 一段时间。例如: 他参军三年了。 He joined the army three years ago. He has been a soldier for three years. 电影已开始十分钟了。 The film started ten m

18、inutes ago. The film has been on for ten minutes. 2)使用句型“It is / has been + 一段时间 + since +瞬间动词的一般过去时”。例如: 他父亲已去世两年了。 It is / has been two years since his father died. 从上述几点可以看出,在英语学习中,建立起延续性动词和非延续性动词的概念对我们是非常重要的。 四、 正确理解since引导的时间状语从句。 since引导时间状语从句有三种情况: 1) “since + 瞬间动词的过去时”。其从句中的动作已在过去完成,这是我们熟知的句

19、型。例如: Weve been friends since we met at school. 我们自从在学校认识以来一直是朋友。 2) “since + 延续性动词的过去时”。它的要点是:时间从延续动词结束后计算,这与瞬间动词的计算不同,现行教材基本没有讲到。例如: It is three years since he smoked. 他戒烟已经三年了。(= It is three years since he stopped smoking.) 3) “since + 延续性动词的现在完成时”。其从句的动作或状态延续至今。例如: They have the deepest affectio

20、n for the old professor since they have worked with him. 自打同这位老教授一同工作以来,他们就对他怀有最深切的感情。(他们和教授现在仍然一起共事) 五、 注意以下几个完成时的句型在含义上的区别。 1) have gone to somewhere表示“去了某地(说话时当事人不在场)”,用于第三人称。例如: He (They) has (have) gone to Beijing. 他(们)去了北京。(现在仍在北京) 不能说:I / We / You have gone to Beijing. 2) have been to somewhe

21、re“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各种人称。所要求的时间状语是与倍数相关的词,如once,ever,never,twice,several times,many times等。例如: I have never been to the Great Wall. 我从未去过长城。 How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次? 3) 在“It / This is the first / second time . that从句”中,that从句部分要用现在完成时。例如: It is the first time that I

22、 have visited the city. 这是我第一次到这座城市。 This is the second time that they have finished the work ahead of time. 这是他们第二次提前完成工作。 4) “This is the + 形容词最高级 + 名词 + that从句”结构中,that从句要用现在完成时态。例如: This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 六、 瞬间动词的完成时的肯定式一般不与一段时间状语连用,但是它的否定式和被动式常与一段时间状语连用。例如: We

23、havent heard from Jane for a long time. 我们很久都没有收到简的来信了。 七、介词短语如in the past years,in the last few years,over the last century,during the past ten years以及since two years ago等,虽然含有明确的过去时间,但句子仍然要用现在完成时。例如: With the rapid growth of population, the city in all directions in the past five years. (2003北京、安徽

24、) A. spreads B. has spread C. spread D. had spread They have been in poverty since two years ago when the plague hit the village. 从两年前这个村子遭受瘟疫以来他们就一直处于贫困之中。 【巩固练习】 1. The coffee is wonderful! It doesnt taste like anything I before. (NMET 2005) A. was having B. have C. have ever had D. had ever had 2

25、. His father for five months. A. had died B. has been dead C. is dead D. has died 3. Have you been to our town before? No, its the first time I _ here. A. even; come B. even; have come C. ever; come D. ever; have come 4. Years ago we didnt know this, but recent science that people who dont sleep wel

26、l soon get ill. (2005广东) A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing 5. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power increased enormously ever since. (2004上海) A. is B. was C. has been D. had been 6. My brother is an actor. He in several films so far. (2005浙江) A. appears B. appe

27、ared C. has appeared D. is appearing 7. How are you today? Oh, I as ill as I do now for a very long time. A. didnt fell B. wasnt feeling C. dont fell D. havent felt 8. The window is dirty. I know. It for weeks. (NMET 2004) A. hasnt cleaned B. didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned 9. 在过去

28、六百年中,人类社会发生了很大变 化。 10. 他离开这个村子已经五年了。 Keys: 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. During the past 6 hundred years, great changes have taken place in human society. 10. He left the village five years ago. / It is five years since he left the village. / He has been away from the village for five y

29、ears.-How long _ he _ a fever? - Ever since last night. A. have, got B. have , had C. have, caught D. did, have 解析:此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态,应用现在完成时,去掉答案D。因为是段时间, 所以不能用短暂行动词,get和catch 都是短暂行动词。 因此选B. My bowl is empty. Who _ all my soup? A. drinks B. had drunk C. has drunk D. drank 解析:碗是空的了,这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果。

30、谁把我的汤都喝了。应选C. -How long _ he _ a fever? - Ever since last night. A. have, got B. have , had C. have, caught D. did, have 解析:此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态,应用现在完成时,去掉答案D。因为是段时间, 所以不能用短暂行动词,get和catch 都是短暂行动词。 因此选B. My bowl is empty. Who _ all my soup? A. drinks B. had drunk C. has drunk D. drank 解析:碗是空的了,这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果。 谁把我的汤都喝了。应选C. 3. I _ you for a long time. Where _ you _? A. Didnt seen; did, go B. didnt see; have, gone C. havent seen; have, been D. havent seen; have gone 解析:for+段时间一般预先在完成时连用。你去哪儿了? (在这段时间你不在)应选C。The next morning she found the man _ in bed,dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying

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