1、动词语法及练习题初中动词的分类和动词短语中考要求:1.熟练掌握动词一般现在时的第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词的形式。 2.熟练掌握一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、现在进行时、过去进行时的构成和基本用法。 3.初步掌握延续性动词和瞬间动词在用法上的区别。4.了解过去将来时、过去完成时的构成和基本用法。5.了解及物动词和不及物动词的用法。知识点一、动词分类 1、表动作状态的词叫做动词,能单独作谓语,根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类:实义动词(NotionalVerb)、系动词(LinkVerb)、助动词(AuxiliaryVerb)、情态动词(ModalVerb),有些
2、动词是兼类词1)Wearehavingameeting.2)HehasgonetoNewYork. 2、根据是否带有宾语,可分为两类:及物动词(TransitiveVerb)、不及物动词(IntransitiveVerb),同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词1)Shecandanceandsing.2)ShecansingmanyEnglishsongs. 3、根据是否受主语人称和数的限制,分两类:限定动词(FiniteVerb)、非限定动词(Non-finiteVerb),英语中共有三种非限定动词:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Partici
3、ple)1)Shesingsverywell.2)ShewantstolearnEnglishwell. 4、根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类:单字词(One-WordVerb)、短语动词(PhrasalVerb)、动词短语(VerbalPhrase)1)TheEnglishlanguagecontainsmanyphrasalverbsandverbalphrases.2)Studentsshouldlearntolookupnewwordsindictionaries. 5、动词有五种形态:原形(OriginalForm)、第三人称单数形式(SingularFrominThirdPerson
4、al)、过去式(PastForm)、过去分词(PastParticiple)、现在分词(PresentParticiple)知识点二、助动词 1、协助主动词构成谓语动词组的词叫助动词(AuxiliaryVerb),被协助动词称主动词(MainVerb),助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用:1)表示时态Hehasgotmarried.2)表示语态 HewassenttoEngland.3)构成疑问句 DidyoustudyEnglishbeforeyoucamehere?4)与否定副词not合用,构成否定句Idontlikehim.5)加强语气 Docometoth
5、epartytomorrowevening.2、助动词be的用法1、bev-ing,构成进行时态 Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.2、bev-ed,构成被动语态 Englishistaughtthroughouttheworld.3、betodo,可表示下列内容1)表示最近、未来的计划或安排 HeistogotoNewYorknextweek.2)表示命令 Heistocometotheofficethisafternoon.3)征求意见 HowamItoanswerhim?4)表示相约、商定 Wearetomeetattheschoolgateat
6、seventomorrowmorning.4、助动词have的用法1、havev-ed,构成完成时态 Bytheendoflastmonth,theyhadfinishedhalfoftheirwork.2、havebeenv-ed,构成完成进行时IhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.3、have+been+过去分词,构成完成式被动语态EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears.4、助动词do的用法1、构成一般疑问句 DoyouwanttopasstheCET?2、do+not构成否定句 Inthepast,manystud
7、entsdidnotknowtheimportanceofEnglish.3、构成否定祈使句Dontbesoabsent-minded. 4、放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气Docometomybirthdayparty.5、用于倒装句 OnlywhenwebeginourcollegelifedowerealizetheimportanceofEnglish.知识点三、连系动词 连系动词(LinkVerb),本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。注:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语1)Hefellillye
8、sterday.2)Hefellofftheladder. 1、表状态系动词(用来表示主语状态,只有be一词)Heisateacher. 2、表持续性系动词(用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,continue)1)Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.2)Thismatterrestsamystery. 3、表感官系动词(感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,look)1)Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.2)Thisflowersmellsverysweet
9、. 4、表变化系动词(这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run)1)Hebecamemadafterthat.2)Shegrewrichwithinashorttime. 5、表像系动词(用来表示看起来像有seem,appear,look)1)Helookstired.2)Heseems(tobe)verysad. 6、终止系动词(表示主语已终止动作有prove,trunout)1)Thesearchproveddifficult.2)Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.7、系动词的使用应注意事项 1
10、)有些动词既可以作系动词,又可作实意动词的用法。遇到这种情况时,只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者还是后者,然后再对后面的词性和词义作出判断和选择Thesoftdrinkingtastesquitesour.Thechefistastingthefishcarefully.2)这类词不用进行时3)系动词无被动式 知识点四、情态动词的用法1、musthaveto 1)表示义务。意为必须,must表示主观意志;haveto表示客观需要Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep. Mybrotherwasill,soIhadtocallthedoctorinthemiddleofthe
11、night. 2)must无人称和数的变化;haveto有人称和数的变化haveto,hasto,hadto,havehadtomustnt表示禁止;donthaveto表不必Youdonthavetotellhimaboutit. 3)must表推测,意为想必、准是、一定等,只用于肯定句Sheswearingadiamondnecklace.Shemusthavealotofmoney.4)must提问的回答方式 -Mustwehandinourexercisebooksnow? -Yes,youmust/No,youneednt/No,youdonthaveto.2、cancouldbea
12、bleto 1)表示能力,can只用于现在时和过去时(could);beableto用于各种时态Twoeyescanseemorethanone. Couldthegirlreadbeforeshewenttoschool?Theywillbeabletotellyouthenewssoon.2)理论上或是逻辑判断上表示可能 Thetemperaturecanfallto 60,thatis60belowfreezing.Hecant(couldnt)haveenoughmoneyforanewcar. Youmustntsmokewhileyourewalkingaroundinthewoo
13、d.Youcouldstartafire.3)表示允许,比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法Can(could)Ihavealookatyournewpen? Heaskedwhetherhecouldtakethebookoutofthereading-room.3、maymight 1)might表允许,可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉Youmaytakewhateveryoulike. HetoldmethatImightsmokeintheroom.May(Might)Iaskforaphotoofyourbaby? 在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Y
14、es,please./Certainly./Pleasedont./Youdbetternot./No,youmustnt.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气 2)表事实上可能。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定Shemaynotknowaboutit. Theymightbehavingameeting,butImnotsure.4、willwould1)表意愿 Ifyouwillreadthebook,Illlendittoyou. Theywouldnotlethiminbecausehewaspoorlydressed. 2)will表请求,用于疑问句;would表委婉地提出请
15、求、建议或看法Willyouclosethewindow?Itsabitcold.Wouldyoumindcleaningthewindow? 3)will表示某种倾向或习惯性动作;would表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向Fishwilldieoutofwater. Everytimeshewasintrouble,shewouldgotohimforhelp.5、should和oughtto 1)should表义务,某件事宜于做,用于各种人称;oughtto表义务,因责任、义务等该做,口气比should稍重 Youshouldbepolitetoyourteachers.Youareh
16、isfather.Yououghttotakecareofhim. 2)should表推测,意为想必一定、照说、估计;oughtto表推测,暗含很大的可能,语气较弱Thefilmshouldbeverygoodasitisstarringfirst-classactors.Theresafinesunset;itoughttobeafinedaytomorrow.6、情态动词表示推测意义 1)must,can,could,may,might皆可以表示推测,语气由强到弱2)must,can,could,may,might不同时态的用法 must,can,could,may,might接动词原形,
17、表示对现在或将来的情况推测,此时动词常为系动词must,can,could,may,might接现在进行时,表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况推测must,can,could,may,might接动词完成时,表示对过去情况的推测 must,can,could,may,might接现在完成进行时,表对过去正在发生的事情的推测3)cant意为不可能;而maynot意为可能不Dannycantbeathome.Isawhiminthelibraryjustnow.Itssevenoclocknow.Michaelmaynotcomehere.五、动词短语归纳1、动词+介词 agreewith同意的意见;
18、符合baseon以(为)根据listento听getto到达falloff(从)掉下 help.with.帮助(某人)做(某事)knockat/on敲(门、窗)laughat嘲笑 learnfrom向学习 liveon继续存在;靠.生活lookafter照顾,照看 lookat看;观看 lookfor寻找 looklike看起来像 payfor(sth.)付钱;支付 pointat指示;指向 preferto.宁愿(选择);更喜欢quarrelwith(和某人)吵架 regard.as.把.当作.;当作stop.fromdoing阻止.做.talkabout说话;谈话;谈论 talkwith与
19、.交谈 thinkabout考虑 thinkof认为;想起 2、动词+副词askfor请求;询问 carryon坚持下去;继续下去 cutdown砍倒 cleanup清除;收拾干净 comedown下来;落 comealong来;随同 comein进来 comeon来吧;跟着来;赶快 comeout出来;(花)开;发(芽)comeover过来;顺便来访dropoff放下(某物);下车 eatup吃光;吃完 fallbehind落在.后面;输给别人falldown跌倒;从.落下 findout查出(真相) getback回来;取回 getdown下来;落下;把.取下来 getoff下来;从.下来
20、geton上(车) getup起床 giveup放弃 goon继续 goout出去 goover过一遍;仔细检查growup长大;成长 handin交上来 holdon等一等;(电话时)不挂断hurryup赶快 lookout留神;注意 lookover(仔细)检查 lookup向上看;抬头看 passon传递;转移到. pickup拾起;捡起 putaway放好;把.收起来 puton穿上;戴上;(戏剧等)上演putdown把(某物)放下来putup掛起;举起 runaway流失;逃跑;逃走 setoff出发;动身;启程sendup发射;把.往上送 shutdown把.关上 sitdown坐
21、下 slowdown减缓;减速 takeoff脱掉(衣服) takeout取出 throwabout乱丢;抛撒 tripover(被.)绊倒 tryon试穿(衣服、鞋等);试戴tryout试验;尝试 turndown关小;调低 turnon打开(电灯、收音机、等)turnoff关(电灯、收音机、煤气等)turnover(使)翻过来 wakeup醒来 wearout把.穿旧;磨坏 workout算出;制订出 writedown写下. 3、be+形容词+介词 bea ngrywith对(某人)发脾气 beinterestedin对.感兴趣 beableto能;会 beafraidof害怕 beam
22、azedat对.感到惊讶beexcitedabout对.感到兴奋befilledwith用.充满 befullof充满.的 begoodat/dowellin在.做得好belatefor迟到 bemadein在.生产或制造bemadeof由.组成;由.构成bepleasedwith对.感到满意beproudof以.自豪(高兴)beusedfor/to/as用于 4、动词+名词/代词 begonespardon请原谅;对不起domorningexercises做早操dooneshomework做作业enjoyoneself过得快乐;玩得愉快giveaconcert开音乐会 goboating去划
23、船 gofishing去钓鱼 gohiking去徒步旅行 goskating去滑冰goshopping(去)买东西 haveacold(患)感冒 haveacough(患)咳嗽haveaheadache(患)头痛 haveatry尝试;努力 havealook看一看havearest休息 haveaseat/takeaseat就坐;坐下havesports进行体育活动havesupper吃晚餐 hearof听说 holdasportsmeeting举行运动会makeadecision作出决定 makeamistake犯错误 makeanoise吵闹 makefaces做鬼脸 makefrien
24、ds交朋友 makemoney赚钱 takeonesplace代替某人的职务teachoneself/learnbyoneself自学takephotos照相taketime花费(时间) taketurns轮流 watchTV看电视 5、动词+名词/代词/副词+介词catchupwith赶上 comeupwith找到;提出 getonwellwith与.相处融洽givebirthto生(孩子) helponeselfto自取;随便吃 makeroomfor给.腾出地方playajokeon戏弄人;恶作剧speakhighlyof称赞 saygoodbyeto告别;告辞takeanactivep
25、artin积极参加takecareof照顾;照料;注意 6、其他类型beawake醒着的 beborn出生 bebusydoing忙着做. cometrue实现 doonesbest尽最大努力 fallasleep睡觉;入睡 gohome回家 goondoing(sth.)继续做某事;尽力getmarried结婚 gettogether相聚 gostraightalong沿着.一直往前走hadbetter(do)最好(做.)keepdoingsth.一直做某事 makesure确保;确认;查明 makeuponesmind下决心 一、单项选择:学习必备 1、WhenI herinthehall
26、,shewasplayingthepiano.AseeBsawCwillseeDamseeing2、IllgowithyouassoonasI mywork. AwillfinishBfinishedCfinishDwouldfinish3、HewilldobetterinEnglishifhe harder.AillworkBworksCworkingDwork4、Sincehecameherelastyear,we happy.AareBhavebeenChadbeenDwere5、Peter theworkinaweek. A.havefinishedB.finishesC.isfini
27、shingD.willfinish6、 openthewindow. AWillyoupleaseBPleasewillyouCYoupleaseDPlease7、Thesebooks inthelibraryforalongtime. A.havekeptB.hadkeptC.havebeenkeptD.werekept8、Manysheep eatinggrass.AisBareCwasD.were9、 Icomeheretonight?No,youneednt.AMayBCanCMustDShall10、TheGreenfamily Londonfornearlytwoyears.The
28、yallmisstheirhometownverymuch. AleftBwillleaveChaveleftDhavebeenawayfrom11、Hergrandparents fortenyears. A.diedB.havediedC.weredeadD.havebeendead12、Youdbetter toseethedoctor.AtogoBgoCwentDgoing13、Myfatherenjoys tolightmusic. AlistensBtolistenClisteningDlistened14、When you themuseum? A.wouldvisitB.did
29、visitC.havevisitD.hadvisited15、Hetoldthem_onwiththework.AtogoBgoingCgoDwent16._yougetupeverymorning? A.WhenB.WhendoC.DowhenD.Whenis17.Ifit_tomorrow,wellgototheGrateWall.A.isntrainB.wontrainC.doesntrainD.willrain18.Nextweektheman_Japan. A.leaveB.willleavingC.areleavingD.leaves19.He_himselfatthepartylastnight. A.enjoysBb.enjoyedCc.enjoyDd.enjoying20.We_haveagoodtimeyesterday. A.wasntBb
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