英美概况考试重点复习材料英国部分.docx

1、英美概况考试重点复习材料英国部分英美概况考试重点复习材料英国部分Chapter 1第一章 Land and People 英国的国土与人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称与其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称

2、：大不列颠与北爱尔兰联合王国。 3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛大不列颠岛较大的一个和爱尔兰岛，与成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wale大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) Englan

3、d is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地

4、，中部低地与南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Br

5、itain. It was founded in 1931, and has about 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有约50个成员国。 Chapter 2 第二章 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)英国的起源公元前5000年1066年 I.Arrival and settlement of the Celts 凯尔特人的到来和定居 Celts were practiced farmers. The drained much of mars

6、hlands and built houses of wood.They were ironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celts languages, are the basis of the language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德鲁伊教). 凯尔特人是有经验的农民，他们排干沼泽地，用木材建造房屋。他们还打造铁器。苏格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为基础发展而来的。 1、 The Celts b

7、egan to arrive Britain about 700 BC. 约公元前700年，凯尔特人来到不列颠岛。 2、The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。 The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC. 第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。 The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC. 第二次高潮是约公元前400年布列吞人的抵达。 The third wave were the Belgae

8、-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。 II. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) 盎格鲁撒克逊人公元446871年 1 Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.盎格鲁萨克逊时代奠定了英国的基础 In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. 五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵

9、不列颠。这是三支日耳曼条顿部落。The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449.Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of

10、 the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbr

11、ia have been given the name of Heptarchy. 居住在日德兰半岛现丹麦南部上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。一个朱特人首领于449年当上了国王。后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以与诺森伯利来定居，同时把他们的族名加诸在英国人够上。这七个主要王国肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚，合称为七王国。 2The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.

12、 最早的盎格鲁撒克逊人改信基督教。 The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrews Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen

13、(异教的) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north. 盎格鲁撒克逊人把日耳曼XX带到了英国。除了康瓦

14、尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的凯尔特人还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，奥古斯丁特别成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北方修道们的传教活动。 3The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of the English nation) 早期盎格鲁撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。 The Anglo-Saxo

15、ns laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continu

16、ed to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system(庄园制). Finally, they created the Witancouncil or meeting of the wisemen to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格鲁撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家基础。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至18世纪。此外，

17、他们还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了咨议会(贤人会议)，向国王提供建议，这就成为了今天尚存的枢密院的前身。 IVViking and Danish invasions 北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵 1The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878.

18、They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人，从8世纪末开始，他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。9世纪，尤其是公元835-878年间已成为严重问题。他们甚至占领了约克郡，公元867年时的基督教中心。到9世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯

19、王国的安全。 2King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions 艾尔弗雷德国王849-899和他所做出的贡献 Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christia

20、ns. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great. 阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他

21、打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部丹麦法区，而他统治其他地区。他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。 他因为建立了强大舰队，而以“英国海军之父闻名于世。他改组了“弗立德撒克逊军队，使之更为高效。他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时他还建立了学校，并且阐明了法律制度。所有这一切使他当之无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大王。的称号。 VThe Norman Conquest (1066) 诺曼征服公元1066年 1Reasons for Williams invasion of England after Edwards death. 威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因

22、。 It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of E

23、ngland, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. 据说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕，成为英国国王，从此开始了诺曼征服。 2The Norman Conquest and its consequences 诺曼征服与其产生的影响。 The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English h

24、istory. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce

25、were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了

26、与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼法兰西文化、语言、行为规X和建筑艺术。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与民事法庭分离。 3The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin. 英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。而还有一

27、些英国人的是诺曼血统。 Chapter 3 第三章 The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381) 英国的形成公元1066-1381 I. Norman Rule (1066-1381) 诺曼统治公元1066-1381 1. Williams Rule 1066-1087 威廉一世的统治公元1066-1087 Englands feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror 在威廉统治下的英国封建制度 Under William, the feudal system in England was completel

28、y established. According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the lands produce. These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them

29、 could not easily combine to rebel the king. The barons, who had become Williams tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. One peculiar feature of the feudal syst

30、em of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king. 在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。根据此制度，国王拥有全国所有土地。威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族，条件是换取对方服役和物品。这些地产分散于各处，相距遥远，这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王。已成为国王总佃户的贵族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民，同样换取货物和服役。处于封建等级最底层的是农奴。英国封建制独有的特色就是，无论是土地承租

31、人还是二佃户，都必须要宣誓效忠于直接地主，而且要效忠于国王。 IIContents and the significance of the Great Charter 大宪章的内容与意义 Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of th

32、e Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. (significance) Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and leg