节能减排外文文献1.docx

1、节能减排外文文献1外文文献原稿和译文原 稿THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAR Karl Benz, Germanys daimler-benz famous automobile company is one of the founders of one of the pioneers of modern automobile industry, called the father of the car, car. In 1885, he developed into a tricycle with 0.85 horsepower gasoline engine, this

2、is the first car in the world. Almost at the same time, another German engineer gothic, Daimler also developed a use 1.1 HP gasoline engine as power of four-wheel car. But the first one on the production line of assembly of four-wheel vehicle model T ford was born in the United States in 1908. Ford

3、model T change the modelling of previous car horse model, combined with the innovation and improvement of function configuration, It has become a city was the best personal transport. Car after birth, bring us great convenience, at the same time itself has tremendous development. Material adopts ful

4、l metal body, the monocoque body to monocoque body, car is no longer the simple sum of the chassis and body but become whole. Front engine rear wheel drive layout and the first transmission, plus the nacelle cover height and the reducing of the passenger seat, etc., the outline of the modern car pro

5、totype. If Germany invented the car, the United States put the industry into the temple of the art design, it will have to mention harry el this master of the greatest car design and he created by harry el era. Harry el into devised after gm has rounded lines, tapered tail, long low profile Cadillac

6、. Harry el joined the chromium plated adornment. In car design and introduces clay model technology, make the car more flexible shape. The first concept car in the world and his designed buick. The great depression of the 1930 s to the end of world war ii for 20 years, is one of the important period

7、, car design to modern automobile design adopts streamlined and ship type car. Europe ahead in terms of streamline design. Italian giuseppe merosi1913 years to count ricotti company design car was streamlined the early works. Due to the recession, American manufacturers are realizing that aerodynami

8、cs is important in the save fuel. Streamline in the 30 s is almost synonymous with fashion. Headstock wider, tyre bales, headlamps in front, hung in the rear of the free-standing trunk and the rear of the be in harmony are an organic whole, laid a prototype of the modern saloon car. Chrysler airflow

9、 in 1934 adopted the lighter monocoque body, reached the front axle of 54:46 quality distribution (at that time the same products as 0) sharply increased the manipulation. In the 40 s, streamlined trend as fashion fades. Represented by buick J job of the new type of car has a prominent nose and down

10、 the rear, become a ship body. During this time, because the European manufacturers in engineering technology has made great progress, Citroen in the 30 s will independent front suspension and front-wheel drive technology in large scale used in the car. In order to reduce weight, it also adopted the

11、 monocoque body from the car. The end of the 19th century, the cars top speed reached 50 km/h, open the body to make the transition to the enclosed body. In 1974 was an important year, Mario. Gandhi, lamborghini and George roya design of Volkswagen golf was born in the year, marking the variety and

12、design of rectangular plane, they adopt right-angle decades of curve modelling drop popular aesthetic ruthless put aside. As accurately made several used with complex line is composed of different materials and the structure of the curved surface parts and the difficulty of the perfect combination t

13、ogether much more often than build a few set of building blocks, so the boxy shape in the 80 s boom. Affected by the oil crisis in the 1970 s, 80 s relative fiscal difficulties, the practical development of cars began to diversification. From military, agricultural, expedition in areas such as desig

14、n, with a special lack of style nostalgia and strong practical features, in the car world making waves and later became a fashion. The most can reflect the shift of American jeep gradually become a part of the American cultural landscape after 40 s. Born in 1974, the first jeep, become a jeep in the

15、 history of the most successful series. But affected by the oil crisis, people begin to pay close attention to more exquisite, look more like a car sports utility vehicle. The new 1984 jeep grand Cherokee, jeep before rugged off-road vehicles has become a fashionable city car. With modern rapid econ

16、omic development, people more the pursuit of individual character, more selective, more diversified, at the same time, it also leads to a wide variety of styles of car design such age. One of the classic doctrine, which contains many layers. Layer is the designer itself classic honor and respect for

17、 the past, is another layer of designer trying to give their own color in the original classic models, and try to use classical models open up a new road for the company. Another branch is new classic, traditional is to follow, but still more to be on the basis of the innovation. In the late 90 s be

18、ntley and Rolls-Royce buyout by Volkswagen and BMW respectively, then under the action of the new design team to launch the continental GT and phantom, though has a new look, but still has respect for tradition, that it can continue to grow. More important, winger and streamline, although they have

19、different characteristics, but it cant get away from each other in the design of impact, say the sometimes-complex mix-and-match I have you. Winger (new socialist edge) design concept is widely considered from ford GT90 began. Wide surface, sharp corner, sharp transition, line is decisive and full o

20、f tension, and the difference with fruity and fluent modelling style, design pay more attention to the line is the administrative levels, this to the design of the line emphasizes on visual feeling letting a person model size is more big, is very suitable for compact design. So is quite popular with

21、 the manufacturers, mercedes-benz a-class representative model. As you can see, winger, still can not get rid of the flow in the process of the implementation of the socialism, if there is no flow, small cars can only be designed a box, a lack of beauty, of course, under the influence of the wingers

22、 doctrine, streamline design more sports and fashion, it appeared in the late 90 s some sports car can be seen, such as the first generation of the audi TT, ford thunderbird, car full of vigour and momentum. After entering the 21st century, from the current car design trends, the winger or overcome

23、the streamline, either in interior or exterior lines all pursue extremely tough line. This line can make cars look strong, very safe, but the disadvantage is that it forces cars become longer and more wide. This can be from the condition of the bigger car, but for the large cars and sports cars is v

24、ery appropriate, more classic such as Chrysler 300 c, lamborghini GALLARDO, etc. Putting forward along with the low carbon economy, energy conservation and emission reduction, green cars, energy conservation and emissions reduction has become the main melody of the development of automobile industry

25、 today, however, in the face of increasingly prominent as a result of increased car traffic congestion problem, security problem, experts say only green is not enough, the future of new energy vehicles should be combined with intelligent vehicles, it will be the development direction of automobile i

26、ndustry. With the development of the automobile electronic technology, auto intelligent technology is gradually applied, this technology makes the auto control is more and more simple, performance and fuel economy is more and more high, driving safety is getting better and better, therefore, intelli

27、gent is the trend of the development of the future. Cars green and intelligent complement each other and common development. Marked green cars with low emissions and zero emissions, part or all of the motor drive, as a result of electrification. Each system electrification has entered the car, the t

28、rend will further speed up, and will bring revolutionary change auto industry. And the advent of the era of electrification for the development of auto intelligent laid the necessary technical foundation, the transition from traditional vehicle to the smart car needs a breakthrough in many technolog

29、y, accelerate the development of automotive electronics, for the cars green and intelligent. Car has been integrated into our lives, but also gradually became a valuable culture, is also will have a significant impact on our lives. PepsiCos new ideas, new thinking, new management to Chinas auto indu

30、stry has injected new vitality, especially since the external pressure of competition, car makers to the attention of the enterprise management, enterprises internal desire for the modern logistics operation and urgent, all these all make the current Chinas automobile enterprises no matter from the

31、scale, network and service function of logistics operation and scope, comprehensive strength has been on the quality. With the rapid expansion of Chinas auto market this big cake, some traditional power stronger than car companies are also beginning to brewing into. At present, Chinas auto enterpris

32、es mainly has four kinds of forms: one is from the traditional transportation enterprise transformation; Separated from the automobile manufacturing enterprise; Three is along with the market rise of private enterprises; Four is a sino-foreign joint venture enterprise. Although enterprise system and

33、 the nature, but one thing is the same, that is the understanding of the concept of modern logistics and supply chain in deepening, in perfect. From the development point of view, especially those who rely on their own logistics management experience, through the management of logistics storage and transport enterprise for the man