科技英语.docx

1、科技英语Main Content: UNIT 1 MATHEMATICS Text A “Game Theory” 科技英语阅读方法 “名词化结构” 科技英语翻译技巧 “名词化结构”Step:I. Text Organization PartsParagraphsMain IdeasPart OneParas. 1-3Game theory can be defined as the science of strategy which studies both pure conflicts (zero-sum games) and conflicts in cooperative forms.

2、Part TwoParas. 4-11There are two distinct types of strategic interdependence: sequential-move game and simultaneous-move game.Part ThreeParas. 12-19The typical examples of game theory are given as the basic principles such as prisoners dilemma, mixing moves, strategic moves, bargaining, concealing a

3、nd revealing information.Part FourPara. 20The research of game theory has succeeded in illustrating strategies in situations of conflict and cooperation and it will focus on the design of successful strategy in future.II. Language Points The games it studies range from chess to child rearing and fro

4、m tennis to takeovers. (Para.1)Paraphrase: The games it (game theory) studies extends from chess to child bringing-up and from tennis to handovers.range: v. to vary between limits, extend, run in a linee.g. (1) The price ranges from $ 30 to $ 80. (2) The boundary ranges from north to south.takeover:

5、 n. the act or an instance of assuming control or management of or responsibility for sth. 接收、接管e.g. The economy of Hongkong goes well after its takeover.Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John von Neumann. (Para.2)pioneer: v. to be a pioneer; to originate (course of action etc., f

6、ollowed later by others)e.g. The new treatment for cancer was pioneered by the experts of state hospital.pioneer: n. original investigator of subject or explorer or settler; initiator of enterprisee.g. The young generation was greatly motivated by the pioneers exploits.That is, the participants were

7、 supposed to choose and implement their actions jointly. (Para.2)Paraphrase: That is, the players were expected to select and carry out their actions together. he must anticipate and overcome resistance to his plans. (Para.3)anticipate: v. 1) to expect or realize beforehand; to foreseee.g. The exper

8、ts are anticipating the negative effects of air pollution.anticipate: v. 2) to deal with or use before proper time 预支e.g. Ted was not used to saving monthly and he would always anticipate his income.The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. (Para.4)Paraphrase: The key princi

9、pal of a game is that player strategies are dependent on each other.essence: n.1) the quality which makes a thing what it is; the inner nature or most important quality of a thinge.g. The two things are the same in outward form but different in essence.essence: n. 2) extract obtained from a substanc

10、e by taking out as much of the mass as possiblee.g. milk essence; essence of peppermint (椒薄荷、椒薄荷油)interdependence: n. the quality or fact of depending on each otherinter-为前缀，意为between each other, 类似的词还有interchange、intermarry、international、interview等。A general principle for a player in a sequential-m

11、ove game is to look ahead and reason back. (Para.5)Paraphrase: A commonly-applied rule for a participant in a sequential game is to anticipate and think logically in turn.reason: v. to form or try to reach conclusions by connected thought; to think oute.g. (1) Mans ability to reason makes him differ

12、ent from the animal. (2) I reason in this way about the matter.In principle, any sequential game that ends after a finite sequence of moves (Para.6)finite: a. limited; having boundse.g. The petroleum supply is finite for humankind.infinite: a. without limits; having no bounds; (number that cannot be

13、 calculated)e.g. infinite space.In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle. (Para.7)Paraphrase: A game with simultaneous move requires a logical circular thinking, which is totally different from the linear chain of rea

14、soning for sequential games. in ignorance of the others current actions. (Para.7)ignorance: n. being lacking of knowledge or uninformede.g. The manager was offended by the ignorance of his plans.The logical circle is squared (Para.8)square the circle: to attempt sth. impossible 做（似乎是）不可能的事When we sa

15、y that an outcome is an equilibrium, there is no presumption that each persons privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result. (Para.10)Paraphrase: When we mention that game result is an equilibrium, there is no assurance that each players best choice will lead to the best effect f

16、or all the players.此句是一个复合句，when引导时间状语从句，主句there is no presumption中又包含一个同位语从句that each persons privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result，修饰presumption。But in spite of these flaws (Para.11)flaw: n. imperfection; crack; invalidating defect in documente.g. There was a fatal flaw

17、in his argument that he gave an inaccurate definition.Such cooperative behavior can be achieved in repeated plays of the game because the temporary gain from cheating (confession) can be outweighed by the long-run loss due to the breakdown of cooperation. (Para.13)Paraphrase: Since the long-term los

18、s brings more harmful effects than the temporary gain from cheating (confession) once cooperation breaks down, cooperative behavior can be achieved in repeated plays of the game.outweigh: v. to exceed in weight, value, importance or influencee.g. Many athletes believe that disadvantages of taking do

19、pes (兴奋剂、麻醉剂) far outweigh the advantages.out-为前缀，意为in a way that surpasses, exceeds, or goes beyond。常见词有outargue/outbalance/outbid/outclass/outdo/outdrive/outeat/outgo/outlearn/outlive/outplay。Game theory quantifies this insight and details the right proportions of such mixtures. (Para.14)insight:

20、n. piece of knowledge obtained, understanding; power of seeing into sth. with the minde.g. (1) a man of deep insight (2) Good teachers have insight into the problems of students.By so doing, he removes his own temptation to renege (食言、否认) on a promise or to forgive others transgressions (违犯、犯规). (Pa

21、ra.15)Paraphrase: By so doing, he can resist the temptation to break his own promise or to excuse for others offense.Recall Winston Churchills dictum of hiding the truth in a “bodyguard of lies”. (Para.19)recall: v. 1) to bring back to mind; to remember somethinge.g. (1) Twenty years later he could

22、still clearly recall the event. (2) I seem to recall seeing the document.recall: v. 2) to order the return of a person who belongs to an organizatione.g. The ambassador was recalled when war broke out.To convey information, use an action that is a credible “signal” (Para.19)convey: v. to make (ideas

23、, feelings, etc.) known to anothere.g. (1) Language conveys message. (2) Words cannot convey how delighted I am that I have accepted by Yale University.III. Background Information Avinash Dixit and Barry Nalebuff阿维纳什迪克斯特是普林斯顿大学经济学教授。巴里内尔巴夫是耶鲁大学组织和管理学院管理学教授。Game Theory博弈论，有时也称为对策论，是应用数学的一个分支，是研究具有斗争或

24、竞争性质现象的数学理论和方法，也是运筹学（operational research）的一个重要学科。目前在生物学、经济学、国际关系、计算机科学、政治学、军事战略和其他很多学科都有广泛的应用。zero-sum games (Para.1)零和博弈（非合作博弈），一人或一方得益必然引起另一人或另一方损失的局面。John von Neumann (Para.2)约翰冯诺依曼（1903-1957），匈牙利裔美国数学家，普林斯顿大学和普林斯顿高等研究所教授，曾任研制原子弹的顾问，并参加研制计算机，被称为计算机之父，1954年成为美国原子能委员会委员。作为20世纪最杰出的数学家之一，他在数理逻辑、测度论、

25、格伦和连续几何学方面都有开创性的成果；在博弈论和控制论、力学、经济学和计算机研制等领域做出了杰出的贡献。他同莫根施特恩合作，写出博弈论和经济行为一书，这是博弈论中的经典著作，使他成为数理经济学的奠基人之一。tic-tac-toe (Para.6)井字棋，一种益智游戏。两人轮流在一井字形方格内画“x”和“o”，以先列成一行者得胜。John Nash (Para.8)约翰纳什，1928年6月13日出生在美国西弗吉尼亚州，1950年获得美国普林斯顿高等研究院数学博士学位，1951年至1959年在麻省理工学院（MIT）数学中心任职。现任普林斯顿大学数学系教授，美国科学院院士。国际公认的博弈论创始人之一

26、，是继冯诺依曼之后最伟大的博弈论大师之一。纳什主要在纯数学领域从事学术研究，其数学成就十分突出。然而，他对经济学研究产生重大影响的还是在博弈论上，可以概括为两点：第一，纳什明确区分了合作对策与非合作对策，并指出，在合作对策中可以达成有约束力的协议，而在非合作对策中，则达不到；第二，对于两人以上的非合作对策，可能出现什么样的结果，纳什提出了分析方法，这一方法可以用“纳什均衡”来称谓。后来对博弈论的许多讨论，都是建立在纳什均衡这一概念之上的，他提出的著名的纳什均衡的概念在非合作博弈理论中起着核心的作用。后续的研究者对博弈论的贡献，都是建立在这一概念之上的。由于纳什均衡的提出和不断完善为博弈论广泛应

27、用于经济学、管理学、社会学、政治学、军事科学等领域奠定了坚实的理论基础，1994年纳什因此获得诺贝尔奖经济学奖。Nash equilibrium (Para.8)纳什均衡，又称为非合作博弈均衡，是博弈论的一个重要术语，以约翰纳什命名。在一个博弈过程中，无论对方的策略选择如何，当事人一方都会选择某个确定的策略，则该策略被称作支配性策略。如果两个博弈的当事人的策略组合分别构成各自的支配性策略，那么这个组合就被定义为纳什均衡。一个策略组合被称为纳什均衡，当每个博弈者的均衡策略都是为了达到自己期望收益的最大值，与此同时，其他所有博弈者也遵循这样的策略。prisoners dilemma (Para.1

28、0)囚徒困境，博弈论的经典案例。囚徒困境是博弈论的非零和博弈中具代表性的例子，反映个人最佳选择并非团体最佳选择。虽然困境本身只属模型性质，但现实中的价格竞争、环境保护等方面，也会频繁出现类似情况。单次发生的囚徒困境，和多次重复的囚徒困境结果不会一样。在重复的囚徒困境中，博弈被反复地进行。因而每个参与者都有机会去“惩罚”另一个参与者前一回合的不合作行为。这时，合作可能会作为均衡的结果出现。欺骗的动机这时可能被受到惩罚的威胁所克服，从而可能导向一个较好的、合作的结果。Cortes (Para.16)赫尔南多科尔蒂斯，16世纪殖民时代活跃在中南美洲的西班牙殖民者，以摧毁阿兹特克（Aztec）古文明，

29、并在墨西哥建立西班牙殖民地而闻名。strategy of brinkmanship (Para.17)边缘化策略。边缘化策略指在国际政治和外交活动中，故意使局势变得无法控制的策略，正是由于局势的无法收拾可能令其他对手难以接受，从而迫使对手做出妥协。Thomas Schelling (Para.17)托马斯谢林（1921-），2005年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者，1951年获得哈佛大学经济学博士学位，曾在美国哈佛大学肯尼迪学院执教20年，担任政治经济学教授，并获得退休名誉教授的称号，1991年被选为美国经济学协会会长，现在美国马里兰大学公共政策学院和经济系担任教授，并获得退休名誉教授称号。他教授的课程

30、除包括经济学理论外，还涉及外交、国家安全、核战略以及军控等多方面。谢林重要的理论著作包括冲突战略、武器与影响等，其中前者是相关领域中最具有开创性的理论著作之一。他的理论和思想不仅运用在经济学分析中，在外交、军事领域也影响深远。Winston Churchill (Para.19)温斯顿丘吉尔（1874-1965），二战期间英国首相，英国传记作家、历史学家、政治家，1953年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。IV. Skills for Reading 名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构是科技英语最突出的特点之一。使用名词化结构的优点正是叙述客观，强调动作的客体而非动作本身，并能够用来代替同位语从句等较长的句子结

31、构，从而使得文章简洁紧凑。理解名词化结构的重点是确定中心名词。名词化结构主要分为以下三类：1. 单纯名词化结构指由一个或多个名词修饰一个中心名词构成的名词化结构。(e.g. water purification system)2. 复合名词化结构指由一个中心名词和形容词、名词、副词、分词及介词短语等多个前置或后置修饰语构成。（e.g. acute bacterial peritonitis 急性细菌性腹膜炎）3. 由动词派生的名词化结构指由实义动词派生的名词搭配介词短语构成，在句中充当主语、宾语或介词宾语。（e.g. Archimeds first discovered the princip

32、le of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发现了固体排水的原理。）V. Skills for Translation 名词化结构 1. 将名词化结构译为动词 (e.g. 由动词派生的名词化结构)2. 将名词化结构译为动宾关系（e.g. 复合名词化结构）3. 将名词化结构译为独立的从句（e.g. 名词化结构较长而且较为复杂的情况）VI. Translation Practice名词化结构 1. Exercises for Practicing the Skills1) 无线网状网的首次应用是在社区接入网中，例如在加州的Cerritos社区，采用Tropos Networks或Garland的设备，由NexGen City建网，所用的专用芯片来自MeshNetworks。2) 变压器是一