1997年托福阅读全真试题.docx

1、1997年托福阅读全真试题1997年1月托福阅读全真试题Question1-8 Boththenumberandthepercentageofpeopleinthe UnitedStatesinvolvedinnonagriculturalpursuitsexpanded rapidlyduringthehalfcenturyfollowingtheCivilWar,with someofthemostdramaticincreasesoccurringinthedomains oftransportation,manufacturing,andtradeanddistribution. Th

2、edevelopmentoftherailroadandtelegraphsystemsduring themiddlethirdofthenineteenthcenturyledtosignificant improvementsinthespeed,volume,andregularityofshipments andcommunications,makingpossibleafundamental transformationintheproductionanddistributionofgoods. Inagriculture,thetransformationwasmarkedbyt

3、he emergenceofthegrainelevators,thecottonpresses,the warehouses,andthecommodityexchangesthatseemedtoso manyofthenationsfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracy againstthem.Inmanufacturing,thetransformationwas markedbytheemergenceofanewfactorysysteminwhich plantsbecamelarger,morecomplex,andmoresystemat

4、ically organizedandmanaged.Andindistribution,thetransformation wasmarkedbytheemergenceofthejobber,thewholesaler, andthemassretailer.Thesechangesradicallyaltered thenatureofworkduringthehalfcenturybetween1870and 1920. Tobesure,therewerestillsmallworkshops,where skilledcraftspeoplemanufacturedproducts

5、rangingfromnews- paperstocabinetstoplumbingfixtures.Therewerethesweatshops incitytenements,wheregroupsofmenandwomenin householdsettingsmanufacturedclothingorcigarsonapiece- workbasis.Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchas metalworkwhereindividualcontractorspresidedoverwhat wereessentiallyhandicraf

6、tproprietorshipsthatcoexistedwithin asinglebuildings.Butasthenumberofwageearnersin manufacturingrosefrom2.7millionin1880to4.5millionin 1900to8.4millionin1920,thenumberofhugeplantslike theBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinPhiladelphiaburgeoned,as didthesizeoftheaverageplant.(TheBaldwinWorkshad600 employeesin18

7、55,3,000in1875,and8,000in1900.)By 1920,atleastinthenortheasternUnitedStateswheremostof thenationsmanufacturingwageearnerswereconcentrated, three-quartersofthoseworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100 employeesand30percentworkedinfactorieswithmorethan 1,000employees. 1.Theworddomainsinline3isclosestinmeanin

8、gto (A)fields (B)locations (C)organizations (D)occupations 2.WhatcanbeinferredfromthepassageabouttheagriculturalsectoroftheeconomyaftertheCivilWar? (A)Newtechnologicaldevelopmentshadlittleeffectonfarmers. (B)Thepercentageofthetotalpopulationworkinginagriculturedeclined. (C)Manyfarmsdestroyedinthewar

9、wererebuiltafterthewar. (D)Farmersachievednewprosperitybecauseofbetterruraltransportation. 3.Thewordfundamentalinline7isclosestinmeaningto (A)possible (B)basic (C)gradual (D)unique 4.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTmentionedaspartofthenewfactorysystem? (A)Achangeintheorganizationoffactories. (B)Agrowthinth

10、ecomplexityoffactories. (C)Anincreaseinthesizeoffactories. (D)Anincreaseinthecostofmanufacturingindustrialproducts. 5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmanufacturingbefore1870canbeinferredfromthepassage? (A)Mostmanufacturingactivitywashighlyorganized. (B)Mostmanufacturingoccurredinrelativelysmallpla

11、nts. (C)Themostcommonlymanufacturedgoodswerecottonpresses. (D)Manufacturingandagricultureeachmadeupabouthalfofthenationseconomy.6.Thewordskilledinline16isclosestinmeaningto (A)hardworking (B)expert (C)well-paid (D)industrial 7.Thewordpresidedoverinline20areclosestinmeaningto (A)managed (B)ledto (C)w

12、orkedin (D)produced 8.TheauthormentionstheBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinlines23-24becauseitwas (A)awell-knownmetal-works (B)thefirstplantofitskindinPhiladelphia (C)typicalofthelargefactoriesthatwerebecomingmorecommon (D)typicaloffactoriesthatconsistedofasinglebuilding Question9-19 Starsmaybespheres,butnot

13、everycelestialobjectis spherical.Objectsintheuniverseshowavarietyofshapes: roundplanets(somewithrings),tailedcomets,wispycosmic gasanddustclouds,ringednebulae,pinwheel-shapedspiral galaxies,andsoon.Butnoneoftheshapesonthislistdescribes thelargestsingleentitiesintheuniverse.Thesearethe doubleradiosources,galaxieswithhugecloudsofradioemission thatdwarfthevisiblegalaxies,sometimesbyafactorofa hundredormore.Stretchingoverdistancesgreatert