1、研究生英语综合教程上B1 Unit 5Reference NotesUnit 5 Living a Healthier LifeReading FocusYoga in AmericaTopic-related InformationYoga means union in Sanscrit, the language ofindia where yoga originated. Yogacombines physical exercises, mental medi- tation, and breathing techniques to strengthen the muscles and
2、relieve stress. Its the union between the mind, body and spirit. Yoga has been practiced for thousands of years as a life philosophy to connect the individual self with what practitioners call the Divine, Universal Spirit, or Cosmic Consciousness. Yogais best known as a type of exercise system that
3、stretches and strengthens the body through various poses called asanas. But yoga goes far beyond just a mere exercise routine. One of the most compelling reasons to begin practicing is the holistic outlook it takesworking mind, body, and spirit. Body-mind yoga is a very diverse practice, no matter w
4、hich school you choose. Young and old people can gain many benefits from regular yoga practices, and asanas can be adjusted to fit physical limitations and other complications. Nowadays, yoga exercises have become more and more popular all over the world. Yoga is not just a physical exercise, but a
5、mental discipline, which offers great benefits when practiced regularly. Apart from physical fitness, you can also get complete relaxation of mind by making yoga exercises an integral part of your life. There are many different schools of yoga, all of which have their own unique practices and philos
6、ophies. The prominent types are: Bhakti yoga, Hatha yoga, Jnana yoga, Karma yoga and Kundalini yoga. Almost all types of yoga have their unique qualities. The most common form is Hatha yoga, which includes postures (asanas) and various breathing techniques (pranayama).About the textThis passage is t
7、aken from Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine and Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health, 2002, which is designed for students of nursing and the allied health professions, caregivers, and the educated lay readers. It is a five-volume set including over 850 signed articles on various a
8、spects of nursing. It covers nursing and allied healthcare educa- tion and training, current health issues (viewpoints, professional implications), tests and procedures (descriptions, precautions, aftercare), and quipment/tools (descriptions, operation, healthcare team roles), as well as diseases (c
9、auses, diagnosis, treatment) and human biology/body systems (functions, role in human health). The book focuses primarily on the interests of nurses and allied health professionals. The essays were contributed by physicians, nurses, and other health professionals.This passage is an expository essay
10、on yoga. It gives a brief introduction to the origin of yoga, its quick spread in the US, as well as the benefits of doing yoga. The author also talks about the different schools of yoga and their focuses. At the same time, he gives the beginners of yoga some tips for practice.Since the passage is a
11、n exposition, long sentences and passive voice are used a lot. However, the author makes a point of writing in clear language so readers will fully understand him.参考译文 “瑜伽”这个词源于梵语,意思是“结合”或“联合”。传统上瑜伽是一种把个人和神,万物之灵或无穷的意识联合在一起的方法。为了帮助达到这个也被称为“自我超越”或“启蒙”的目的,设计了身体上和精神上的锻炼方法。在身体上,设计了各种瑜伽姿势来使人的身体结实、强壮,有协调性,
12、练习这些体位能使脊柱变得柔软健康,血液更通畅地到达各器官、腺或人体组织,从而使身体各系统更健康。在精神上,瑜伽使用呼吸法(梵语为pranayama)和冥想使心境平和、净化,精神得到很好的修养。但是专家们很快指出瑜伽不是一种宗教,而是将健康与平和的心境结合在一起的一种生活方式。瑜伽在美国道格拉斯多普勒1. 瑜伽起源于古印度,是世界上最古老的哲学体系之一。一些学者估计,瑜伽至少有5,000年的历史,印度曾出土过3,000午前的表现瑜伽姿势的手工艺品。瑜伽师们认为,经过几千年的考验和完善,瑜伽已经发展成为一门养生的成熟科学。19世纪晚期,印度学者、瑜伽师斯瓦米维韦卡南达在芝加哥做了一场关于冥想的演讲
13、,从此瑜伽传人了美国。慢慢地有人开始练习瑜伽,并在20世纪60年代东方哲学热盛行的时候形成了学习瑜伽的高潮。从此,瑜伽知识在美国传播开来,许多学徒专程前往印度学习,很多印度瑜伽师也来到美国教学,创办了大量瑜伽学校。今天的美国,瑜伽已十分盛行,瑜伽教练和练习者随处可见。最近一项由瑜伽月刊委托洛普民调机构所做的调查显示,有1,100万的美国人至少会偶尔做一次瑜伽,另有600万的美国人会经常做瑜伽。瑜伽已被广泛应用于物理治疗法(或译“理疗法”)和专业运动队的日常训练,做瑜伽的好处也被电影明星和财富杂志世界500强企业的总裁们争相吹捧。许多医学名校已经研究并提出能够有效缓解疾病和压力的瑜伽术了。包括加
14、州大学洛杉矾分校在内的一些医学院甚至还为内科医学专业的学生开设了瑜伽课程。2. 美国有许多不同的诃陀(或译为“哈他”) 瑜伽学派,其中影响最大的是艾扬格派和阿斯汤加派。艾扬格瑜伽的创立者是波可斯艾扬格,他是世界上目前仍健在的最伟大的瑜伽改革者之一。艾扬格瑜伽十分注重姿势的精准,它采用新的方式和顺序练习传统瑜伽。艾扬格瑜伽可促进理疗,因为它允许练习者使用瑜伽伸展带、瑜伽砖等辅助器材来减少做瑜伽动作的难度。阿斯汤加瑜伽有着更精准的要求,练习者要用舞蹈般流畅的动作来练习传统瑜伽,从而使身体发热,并通过出汗和深呼吸来净化自己的身体。3. 做瑜伽没有场地的限制,一套瑜伽动作通常需要20分钟到两个小时或者
15、更多的时间,而一个小时左右的时间则是一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同,一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常,而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果,随着动作越来越熟练,你就可以加大强度和难度,这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量,改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果,但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习,这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。4. 能向瑜伽教练或理疗师学习瑜伽是最好不过了,但因为瑜伽入门并不难,所以也可以从大量的介绍瑜伽的正规书籍中自学它的基本动作。瑜伽课的学费一般不贵,平均一堂课10美元
16、,学员们在几节课内就能学会基础的瑜伽动作。许多地方的基督教青年会、大学和社区健康协会都开办有瑜伽入门学习班,而且通常只象征性地收取一点儿费用。如果是作为理疗项目的一部分,瑜伽费用还能算在医疗保险的范围之内。5. 瑜伽还能带来和精心设计的练习一样的效果,使人增强体质、焕发活力,并帮助人们舒缓压力和久坐带来的疲劳。瑜伽的另一个优点是,除了重力(地心引力)外,它不需承担额外的阻力,这使它成为身体治疗方法的不二之选;特定的瑜伽动作能安全有效地增强人的力量,提高身体的平衡度。6. 研究表明,冥想能帮助人们缓解压力。哈佛(大学医学院)心脏病专学家赫伯特班森在他划时代的著作放松反应里说道,冥想和呼吸技巧能使
17、身体放松,达到与压力相反的效果,并使血压等一系列指标回落。从那以后,越来越多的研究都重申了冥想对减压和身体健康的积极影响。现在,美国医学协会已推荐把冥想疗法替代药物治疗用作治疗疑似高血压的第一步了。7. 现代心理学研究表明,即使微小的表情变化也会引起神经系统的不由自主的改变;而瑜伽正是利用了这种身体和精神的联系瑜伽练习的中心思想就是,身体的姿态将影响人的心情和自尊,而人的精神又能塑造和治愈人的身体。瑜伽练习者认为,加强精神-身体联系的意识最终可改进一个人生活的各个方面。8. 虽然有些姿势并不适合所有人练习,但是任何年龄段的人在任何条件下都能练习瑜伽。练瑜伽的准备工作也很简单;只需一块可以伸展肢
18、体的平地、一块草垫或毛巾和头上足以抬起手臂的空间就可以展开练习了。对去不了体育馆、不喜欢其他体育运动和十分忙碌的人来说,瑜伽是一项再好不过的活动了。练习时应穿着宽松舒适的服装并保持空腹,瑜伽师推荐饭后三小时以上为宜。9. 初学者在练习时应集中注意力,小心动作不要做得太过太快,以免受伤。一些高阶的瑜伽动作,如倒立式和全莲花坐式,需要有很好的力量、柔韧性和日积月累的练习做准备,因此初学者应在瑜伽师的指导下做这些动作。10. 瑜伽不是竞技体育:练瑜伽重要的不是要和别人比,而是如何认识和控制自己身体(的能力)及其局限性。做瑜伽必须保持姿势的正确,一旦感到疼痛、头晕或疲劳就必须停止。做瑜伽时,身体和精神
19、一样重要,要注意集中精力去感受呼吸。练习时必须心胸开阔、平和:当你伸展肢体做每一个瑜伽动作时,你就是在接受挑战去达到自己的极限。不耐烦、自责和与他人相比都不利于这一过程中自我认识的实现。当练习呼吸法(调息)和冥想法(禅定)时,最好由经验丰富的瑜伽师来指导,因为一旦练习不当,这些技巧性很强的动作会使人感到头晕不适。11. 虽然瑜伽的发源地与现代美国文化迥异,但它却得到了认同,并很快地传播开来。许多世纪以来,瑜伽只是在极少信徒的言传身教中得以流传,而今它在美国快速普及,这使许多瑜伽师感到很惊叹。12. 也有一些人反对瑜伽,因为勤奋忙碌的美国人很难相信这项要他们放慢速度、集中精力并进行深呼吸的运动会
20、比举重或慢跑更有效。然而,越来越多的来自顶尖医学院的研究结果表明,瑜伽对全身健康和特殊病症都有好处,这也使越来越多的人接受这项健康的运动。Key to Exercises (Reading More)Text ExplorationTask 1Part I (Para. 1) Introduction: Origin of Yoga and its popularity in USYoga is 5,000 years old:Artifacts detailing yoga postures have been found in India from over 3,000 B.C.Its p
21、opularity in the US:Eleven million Americans do yoga at least occasionally and six million perform it regularly Part II (Para. 2) Two schools of hatha yogaIyengar yoga: was founded by B.K.S. Iyengar, who is widely considered as one of the great living innovators of yoga. It A. puts strict emphasis o
22、n form and alignment;B. uses traditional hatha yoga techniques in new manners and sequences; C. can be good or physical therapy because it allows the use of props like straps and blocks;.Ashtanga yoga: can be a more vigorous routine, using a flowing and dance-like sequence of hatha postures to gener
23、ate body heat, which purifies the body through sweating and deep breathing. Part III (Paras. 3-5) How to practice yogaA. Learn from a yoga teacher or physical therapist;B. Can be strenuous ;C. Stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady;D. Need a flat floor su
24、rface to stretch out on, a mat or towel;E. Need concentration and awareness of breathingPart IV (Paras. 6-9) Benefits of practicing yogaA. Increase general health and stamina;B. Reduce stress;C. Increase a persons strength, flexibility and sense of well-beingPart V (Paras. 10-11) Philosophy behind y
25、ogaA. Mind/body connection;B. Physical posture and alignment can influence a persons mood and self-esteem;C. Mind can be used to shape and heal the bodyPart VI (Para. 12) Resistance to yogaA. Americans are active and busy;B. Americans like lifting weights or running. Task 2Key: 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5
26、. T 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. T 11. T 12. FVocabulary ActionTask 11. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. A ll.C 12. D 13. BTask 2 1. A. masterpieces B. mastered C. mastery 2. A. committed B. commission C. commitment 3. A. executing B. execution C. executive 4. A. presentation B. represented
27、C. presented D. present 5. A. inventors B. investors C. innovator 6. A. breath B. breathing C. breathtaking D. breathless 7. A. physical B. physiological C. psychological 8. A. discipline B. routine C. discipline 9. A. practice B. performed C. perfect D. proper10. A. reaction B. reconciliation C. re
28、sistance D. responseTask 3 1) written 2) practiced 3) adapted 4) fundamental 5) soul 6) described 7) mental 8) state of being 9) pictured 10) exercises11) control 12) experiences 13) including 14) individuals 15) medicalNotes:1. the Yoga Sutra:瑜伽经2. address vt. deal with3. The philosophy of yoga is
29、sometimes pictured as a tree with eight branches. These eight limbs are:1. Pranayama: breath control 呼吸控制 制气2. Asana: Posture体式 体位3. Yama: moral codes 控制欲念制欲4. Niyama: self-purification and study 自我约束遵行5. Dharana: Intention思想集中 内省6. Pratyahara: sense control感官抑制 制约7. Dhyana: meditation 静坐冥想 静虑8. Sam
30、adhi: Contemplation 超然忘我 三摩地Reading MoreStress and HealthAbout the TextThis passage is a part of the book Wellness: A Comprehensive Lifestyle Approach with PowerWeb (Paperback) by Charles B. Corbin, Gregory J. Welk, William R. Corbin, and Karen A. Welk. The book provides readers with the self-manage
31、ment skills necessary to adopt a healthy lifestyle. These skills will make a positive difference in ones health, fitness, and wellness.参考译文对压力的适应能力影响着个人的身心健康。压力和健康1 每个人或多或少都会受到压力的影响。实际上,大约67的成年人表示他们每周至少有一天会感到“巨大的压力”。压力的来源各种各样,就连生活中积极的事情都会让我们倍感压力。9 适度的压力能激励我们为目标而奋斗并使我们的生活充满乐趣。然而当压力过大并持续出现时,我们的身体或许就不能
32、适应了。压力会危及免疫功能并导致一系列新陈代谢紊乱等病症。事实上,50到70的疾病都与压力有关。另外,压力也与酗酒、吸毒等不良行为以及忧郁焦虑等心理问题密切相关。虽然人类面对压力作出反应的生理系统是相同的,但是不同的个体却有着不同的反应行为。而且我们思考和感知压力的方式也会影响我们的身体对压力产生的反应。因此,个体对压力的反应是非常不同的。3 这一节将回顾压力的概念,其产生的原因和后果。 图1列出了影响个体对压力作出反应的因素。首先列出的是压力的来源,比如日常口角和人生大事。然后探讨的是人们对压力作出的生理反应以及由此带来的对人身心的影响。最后讨论的则是人们对压力作出的生理反应和认知反应的个体差异以及这些差异给身心健康带来的影响。4 应对压力的第一步是认清压力产生的原因和压力过大时表现出的症状。你需要知道生活中的哪些因素会使你感受到压力,并找出那些让你“倍受压力”的事物。从交通堵塞这样的恼人小事到出生、死亡或失业等重大的人生变化
copyright@ 2008-2022 冰豆网网站版权所有
经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备2022015515号-1