高三英语名词外研社知识精讲doc.docx

1、高三英语名词外研社知识精讲doc高三英语名词外研社【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：名词二. 基础知识名词是高考的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面来考查其用法，在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知高考中名词的考查点。专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。专有名词（Proper Nouns）Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans; English; May; New Years Day注意：专有名词的第

2、一个字母要大写普通名词（Common Nouns）: 抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）物质名词（Material Nouns）集体名词（Collective Nouns）个体名词（Individual Nouns个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。Common Nouns：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词：1. Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartme

3、nts也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。His family _ not large. （be）His family _ all music lovers. （be）在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。Eg: The audience was

4、 （were） excited by the show.有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg: The police are looking for him. 3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的物质。Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有

5、复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：1） 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. （两份）Three beers, please. （三杯）2）个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg: rains （雨季）sands （沙滩） snows （积雪）waters（海域）4. Abstract Nouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth, etc.多

6、数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。Eg: Hes learning French for fun.I wish you good luck.抽象名词转化为可数名词。Failure is the mother of success. （失败与成功在此为抽象概念）As a teacher, she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child.（成功者，失败者，可数）名词的数不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词

7、、物质名词和专有名词。例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：情况加法例词一般情况加-sbrothers; schools以s, x, ch, sh,结尾的加-esbuses; watches; dishes以辅音y结尾的去y加-iesladies; countries以辅音+o 结尾的多数加-esheroes;以f或fe结尾的词改f/fehalves; leaves;单复数相同的情况：sheep; deer; means; fish; work

8、s; species; Chinese; Japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。 Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu只有复数形式的情况：trousers（裤子）; glasses（眼镜）; compasses（圆规） thanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle复合名词的复数形式：1. 词末+-s : film-goers2. 主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on; editors-in-chief; sons-in-law3. 两个组成部分皆变为复数：women doctors; men co

9、oks 这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman, 有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。glass （玻璃） a glass （玻璃杯）copper （铜） a copper （铜币板）tin （锡） a tin （罐头）paper （纸） a paper （报纸，证件，论文）iron （铁） an iron （熨斗）wood （ 木头） a wood （树林）gold （金子） a gold （金牌）youth （青春） a youth （年轻人）power （力量） a power （大国）beauty （美） a beauty （美人，美的东西）pleasure（愉快） a ple

10、asure（使人感到愉快的事）relation（关系）a relation（亲戚）4. 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划名词的格所有格的形式：一般的名词所有格在后面加 s，如：Marys book以 s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加 ，如：Teachers Day, the students reading-room以 s 结尾的专有名词所有格，如：Engelss works 或Engels work

11、ss 结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的名词。但有时其它的名词也可以，如：todays newspaper, fifteen minutes ride等与时间有关的名词。凡不能加 s 构成所有格的名词，都可以与 of 构成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时。如：Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：This is not my pen, but Marys.有时某些 s 结尾的所有格形式可以表示地

12、点，如某人的家或店铺、教堂等：We can meet at Marys.He went to his sisters for dinner yesterday.I had the dress made at the tailors at the corner of the street.Last week we visited St. Pauls.属格形式应用场合举例s属格用在表示有生命的名词后Tom and Mikes room（两人共有）Toms and Mikes rooms（两人分别所有）用在时间名词后three weeks leave, todays paper用在距离,长度名词后t

13、wenty miles journey用在地点名词后Chinas industry用在天体名词后the earths surface用在价格名词后a dollars worthof属格用在表无生命事物名词后the door of our classroom双重属格名词前有a, some, any, few, no, several等词修饰时a friend of my brothers several classmates of his名词所有格（The Possessive Case of Nouns）1. Ill take the risk for friendships sake.2.

14、She was at her wits end.3. Now they could sing at their hearts content.4. We should get the children out of harms way.5. We had best keep them at arms length.6. For goodness sake, stop arguing.7. Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat. 名词在句子中的作用名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。名词作定语时，需注意：an enemy soldier

15、several _a boy student three _a man teacher three _a woman doctor three _ （一家鞋店）用名词作定语和用形容词作定语的比较：heart trouble hearty welcome snow mountain snowy table-clothrain drops rainy season stone house stony heartrose garden rosy facegold ring golden sunshine/times/age/wedding历年高考试题1. _ turn green in spring

16、. （NMET 1986） A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves2. He dropped the _ and broke it. （NMET 1993） A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes. （上海 1993） A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot4. He gained his _ by

17、 printing _ of famous writers. （NMET 1995） A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _. （上海 1996） A. energy B. source C. power D. material6. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to ge

18、t round London. （NMET 1998） A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness7. Who did you spend last weekend with? _ . （上海 1998） A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers8. My parents always let me have my own _ of living. （上海 1998） A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion9. The lion is considere

19、d the king of the forest as it is a（n） _ of courage and power. （上海 1998）A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol 10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake. （上海 1998）A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers11. If you dont take away all your things from the desk, there wont be

20、 enough _ for my stationery. （上海 1998） A. area B. place C. room D. surface12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _ . （上海 2000） A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results13. In the botanic garden we can find a（n） _ of plants that range from tall tre

21、es to small flowers. （上海 2001）A. species B. group C. amount D. variety14. Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree? No, its out of _ . （上海 2001）A. range B. reach C. control D. distance15. The life of London is made up of many different _. （上海 2001） A. elements B. sections C. material D. realit

22、ies16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . （上海 2002） A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate 17. To regain their _ after an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass. （上海 2002） A. force B. energy C. power D. health18. I saw Bob play the piano at Johns p

23、arty and on that _ he was simply brilliant. （上海 2002） A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation 19. It cant be a（n） _ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night. （上海 2002） A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and hear

24、t attack is not necessarily _ and effect. （上海 2002） A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause 21. Im sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired. There is no _ for this while you are on duty. （上海 2003）A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation22. The manager has got a good business _ so the co

25、mpany is doing well. （2003北京春季）Aidea Bsense Cthought Dthinking 23. Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within _ of little children. （2004湖北）A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance24. The environmentalists and wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment

26、. （2004上海） A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance25. The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk. （2004上海春季） A. a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours26. I have read the material several times but it doesnt make any _ to me. （2004上海春季） A. meaning B. importance

27、 C. sense D. significance【模拟试题】单项选择：1. After much _, the store owner agreed to cut down the price by 25%. A. argument B. discussion C. saying D. bargaining2. Does he work hard at his lessons? Yes, he _ no effort, I dare say. A. wastes B. spares C. spends D. shares3. It is said that constant reviews

28、of what you have learned will help to make your knowledge _.A. deep B. interesting C. useful D. permanent4. I cant open the top of this apple juice. _ it. A. Mike has to do B. Do have Mike to do B. Mike does have D. Have Mike do5. You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again.

29、A. when B. where C. then D. there6. Why is it _ Mr. Smith seldom mentions his childhood? Perhaps he suffered a lot in his childhood. A. which B. what C. how D. that7. I think we cant repair the damaged car in the small town. We are considering _ to Beijing to have it repaired. A. to go B. going C. to have gone D. having gone8. Might Mary go with me to the movie, Mrs. Wilson? Im sorry, but I dont want my daughter _ out after dark. A. take B. to take C. taking D. taken9. The little boy lifted as much as 50 kilograms. _ that I saw it, I wouldnt have believed it. A. And B. But C. Or D. So10. N