人教版初二下英语unit 5语法篇教师版学习文档.docx

1、人教版初二下英语unit 5语法篇教师版学习文档Unit 5 语法篇“师”之概念，大体是从先秦时期的“师长、师傅、先生”而来。其中“师傅”更早则意指春秋时国君的老师。说文解字中有注曰：“师教人以道者之称也”。“师”之含义，现在泛指从事教育工作或是传授知识技术也或是某方面有特长值得学习者。“老师”的原意并非由“老”而形容“师”。“老”在旧语义中也是一种尊称，隐喻年长且学识渊博者。“老”“师”连用最初见于史记，有“荀卿最为老师”之说法。慢慢“老师”之说也不再有年龄的限制，老少皆可适用。只是司马迁笔下的“老师”当然不是今日意义上的“教师”，其只是“老”和“师”的复合构词，所表达的含义多指对知识渊博者

2、的一种尊称，虽能从其身上学以“道”，但其不一定是知识的传播者。今天看来，“教师”的必要条件不光是拥有知识，更重于传播知识。 _语文课本中的文章都是精选的比较优秀的文章,还有不少名家名篇。如果有选择循序渐进地让学生背诵一些优秀篇目、精彩段落,对提高学生的水平会大有裨益。现在,不少语文教师在分析课文时,把文章解体的支离破碎,总在文章的技巧方面下功夫。结果教师费劲,学生头疼。分析完之后,学生收效甚微,没过几天便忘的一干二净。造成这种事倍功半的尴尬局面的关键就是对文章读的不熟。常言道“书读百遍,其义自见”,如果有目的、有计划地引导学生反复阅读课文,或细读、默读、跳读,或听读、范读、轮读、分角色朗读,学

3、生便可以在读中自然领悟文章的思想内容和写作技巧,可以在读中自然加强语感,增强语言的感受力。久而久之,这种思想内容、写作技巧和语感就会自然渗透到学生的语言意识之中,就会在写作中自觉不自觉地加以运用、创造和发展。 _我国古代的读书人,从上学之日起,就日诵不辍,一般在几年内就能识记几千个汉字,熟记几百篇文章,写出的诗文也是字斟句酌,琅琅上口,成为满腹经纶的文人。为什么在现代化教学的今天,我们念了十几年书的高中毕业生甚至大学生,竟提起作文就头疼,写不出像样的文章呢?吕叔湘先生早在1978年就尖锐地提出:“中小学语文教学效果差,中学语文毕业生语文水平低,十几年上课总时数是9160课时,语文是2749课时

4、,恰好是30%,十年的时间,二千七百多课时,用来学本国语文,却是大多数不过关,岂非咄咄怪事!”寻根究底,其主要原因就是腹中无物。特别是写议论文,初中水平以上的学生都知道议论文的“三要素”是论点、论据、论证,也通晓议论文的基本结构:提出问题分析问题解决问题,但真正动起笔来就犯难了。知道“是这样”,就是讲不出“为什么”。根本原因还是无“米”下“锅”。于是便翻开作文集锦之类的书大段抄起来,抄人家的名言警句,抄人家的事例,不参考作文书就很难写出像样的文章。所以,词汇贫乏、内容空洞、千篇一律便成了中学生作文的通病。要解决这个问题,不能单在布局谋篇等写作技方面下功夫,必须认识到“死记硬背”的重要性,让学生

5、积累足够的“米”。 学生通过本讲学习，能够掌握本单元的重点语法，并在综合能力上有一定的拓展。要练说，得练看。看与说是统一的，看不准就难以说得好。练看，就是训练幼儿的观察能力，扩大幼儿的认知范围，让幼儿在观察事物、观察生活、观察自然的活动中，积累词汇、理解词义、发展语言。在运用观察法组织活动时，我着眼观察于观察对象的选择，着力于观察过程的指导，着重于幼儿观察能力和语言表达能力的提高。 when while 的区别和用法唐宋或更早之前，针对“经学”“律学”“算学”和“书学”各科目，其相应传授者称为“博士”，这与当今“博士”含义已经相去甚远。而对那些特别讲授“武事”或讲解“经籍”者，又称“讲师”。“

6、教授”和“助教”均原为学官称谓。前者始于宋，乃“宗学”“律学”“医学”“武学”等科目的讲授者；而后者则于西晋武帝时代即已设立了，主要协助国子、博士培养生徒。“助教”在古代不仅要作入流的学问，其教书育人的职责也十分明晰。唐代国子学、太学等所设之“助教”一席，也是当朝打眼的学官。至明清两代，只设国子监（国子学）一科的“助教”，其身价不谓显赫，也称得上朝廷要员。至此，无论是“博士”“讲师”，还是“教授”“助教”，其今日教师应具有的基本概念都具有了。 一、while的意思是“在同时（at the same time that )”“在期间(for as long as, during the time

7、 that）”。从while的本身词义来看，它只能表示一段时间，不能表示具体的时间点。在时间上可以是“线线重合”或“点线重合”，但不能表示“点点重合”。例如： 1、He was watching TV while she was cooking. 她做饭时，他在看电视。（线线重合） 2、 He was waiting for me while I was working. 我工作的时候，他正等着我。（线线重合） 3、 He asked me a question while I was speaking. 我在讲话时，他问了我一个问题。（点线重合） 二、when的意思是“当时候（at the

8、time that）”“无论什么时候（whenever）” “一就（as soon as ）” “在以后（after）”。它表示的时间概念比较广泛，上述例句中的as或while均可用when代替，因为when不但可以表示具体的时间点，而且也可以表示一段时间。在时间上它既能表示“点点重合”“线线重合”，又能表示“点线重合”。例如： 1、When he came in，she went out. 他进来，她出去。（点点重合） 此句中when从句的动作表示的是一个时间点，when可以用as代替，但不能用while代替。 2、When he came back，I was doing some was

9、hing. 他回来时，我在洗衣服。（点线重合） 此句中when从句的动作表示的是一个时间点，所以只能用as代替，不能用while代替。 as when while的区别一、根据从句动作的持续性来区分 1、“主短从长”型：即主句是一个短暂性动作，而从句是一个持续性动作，此时三者都可用。如： Jim hurt his arm whilewhen， as he was playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了。 AsWhen， While she was waiting for the train， she became very impatient. 她在等火车时，变得很不耐烦。

10、注意：as 用于引出一个持续性动词表示“在期间”时，其谓语通常只能是那些含有动作(action)和发展(development)意味的动词，一般不能是那些不用于进行时态的动词(如 be，seem，love，want，agree，see，know，have等)，所以下面一句中的 while 不能换为 as： A：Im going to the post office. 我要去邮局。 B：While you are there， can you get me some stamps？当你在邮局时，能帮我买几张邮票吗？ 2、“主长从长”型：即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态，且强调主句动作

11、或状态延续到从句所指的整个时间，此时通常要用while。I always listen to the radio while Im driving. 我总是一边开车一边听收音机。He didnt ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the message. 他没有让我进去，他只顾看那张条子，让我站在门口等着。 但是，若主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边一边”之意时，则习惯上要用as。如：He swung his arms as he walked. 他走路时摆动着手臂。I couldnt remember

12、 a story to tell the children, so I made one up as I went along. 我想不出有什么故事可给孩子讲了，只好现编现讲。3、“主长从短”型：即主句是一个持续性动作，而从句是一个短暂性动作，此时可以用as或when，但不能用while。如：It was raining hard when as we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。When As he came in, I was listening to the radio. 他进来时，我在听收音机。二、根据主句与从句动作是否同时发生来区分1、若主句与从句表示的是两个同时发生的短

13、暂性动作，含有类似汉语“一就”的意思，英语一般要用as (也可用when)。如：The ice cracked as when I stepped onto it. 我一踩冰就裂了。He jumped to his feet as the boss came in. 老板一进来他立刻站了起来。但是，在hardly scarcelywhen句式中，不能将when换成as。如：Scarcely had we arrived, when it began to rain. 我们刚一到就下起雨来了。2、若主句与从句表示的是两个几乎同时发生的短暂性动作，含有类似汉语“刚要就”“正要却”的意思，英语一般要

14、用as(也可用when)，且此时通常连用副词just。如：I caught him just when as he was leaving the building. 他正要离开大楼的时候，我把他截住了。Just as when the two men were leaving, a message arrived. 就在这两个人要离开的时候，突然有了消息。三、根据是否具有伴随变化来区分若要表示主句动作伴随从句动作同时发展变化，有类似汉语“随着”的意思，英语习惯上要用as，而不用when或while。如：The room grew colder as the fire burnt down.

15、随着炉火逐渐减弱，房间越来越冷。As time goes by my memory seems to get worse. 随着时间的流逝，我的记忆力似乎越来越差。注：若不是引导从句，而是引出一个短语，则用with，不用as。如：With winter coming on, its time to buy warm clothes. 随着冬天到来，该买暖和衣裳了。The shadows lengthened with the approach of sunset. 随着太阳下落，影子也逐渐伸长。四、根据从句动作的规律性来区分若暗示一种规律性，表示“每当的时候”，英语一般要用when。如：Its

16、 cold when it snows. 下雪时天冷。He smiles when you praise him. 你夸奖他时他总是笑笑。五、根据主从句动作的先后顺序来区分若主句与从句所表示的动作不是同时发生，而是有先后顺序时，一般要用when。如：When he arrives hell tell us all about the match. 等他到了，他会好好给我们讲讲那场比赛的情况。When she had finished she waited as though for a reply. 她讲完之后等了等，仿佛是在等候回答似的。六、根据是否具有“趁机”意味来区分1、若从句所表示的“

17、当的时候”具有“趁机”的意味，则通常用while。如：Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。1. - I telephoned you yesterday afternoon but nobody answered.- Oh, I a film at that time. A. seeB. sawC. is seeingD. was seeing2. While the woman , the accident happened. A. shoppedB. is shoppingC. was shoppingD. shops3. He home it began

18、 to rain. A. is walking; whenB. was walking; while C. was walking; whenD. is walking; while4. I the charity show on TV when the telephone rang. A. watchB. watchedC. am watchingD. was watching5. While my parents TV last night, I a new computer game in my bedroom. A. watched; have playedB. were watchi

19、ng; was playing C. had watched; was playingD. would watch; was playing解析：1. 因为时间状语是at that time yesterday, 因此为过去进行时，故选D。2. 因为是while 引导的时间状语从句，主句为过去时，从句为过去进行时，故选C。3. 因为时间状语从句的谓语动词为点动词，故用when引导，主句用过去进行时，故本题选C.4. 本题为when引导的典型句型，从句为点动词的一般过去时，主句用过去进行时，故选D。5. While引导的从句为过去进行时，主句为延续性动词，也为过去进行时，故选B。基础演练一、用所

20、给词的适当形式填空1The car _ (sudden) stopped in front of me. 2The girl began to dream when she fell _ (sleep).3Its snowing _ (heavy). Youd better not go out.4Dont talk with _ (strange) on the Internet. They may be bad men.5Lisa dreams of being a _ (report).6. If you dont tell me the _ (true), I will break u

21、p with you.7. They didnt say any words. They went home in _ (silent).8. Great changes have taken place _ (recent).9. The lady was _ (kill) last night. Nobody knew who killed her.10. Excuse me, but I must say you are _ (complete) wrong.1. suddenly 2.asleep 3.heavily 4.strangers 5.reporter6. truth 7.s

22、ilence 8.recently 9.killed pletely二、翻译(根据中文提示完成句子) 11. 昨天晚上八点你和你妈妈在干什么？What you and your mother at eight oclock yesterday evening?12. 当琳达睡觉的时候，詹妮正在帮玛丽做作业。While Linda , Jenny Mary with her homework.13. 当我们在广播上听到这个消息的时候，我们正在厨房吃晚餐。We dinner in the kitchen we heard the news on the radio.14. 我正做饭的时候伤到了自己

23、。I hurt myself I .15. 那是在她吃午饭的时候发生的事。She was eating her lunch .二、翻译(根据中文提示完成句子)11. were; doing12. was sleeping, was helping13. were eating, when14. while, was cooking15. when it happened巩固提高翻译(根据中文提示完成句子) 1. 我不知道他的主意是否有效。I dont know if his idea will .2. 如果你那样做，你就会使她陷入困境。If you do that, you might her

24、 .3. 他们静静地坐在那里，仔细阅读每一个问题。They sat there and read every question carefully.4. 你告诉我的一切，可能影响我自己的看法。What you have told me may to my own opinion.5. 为了按时到校，他起床更早了。He got up earlier get to school on time.1. work out2. get, into trouble3. in silence4. make a difference5. in order to一、适当形式填空(单句适当形式) 1. My mo

25、ther was (cook) dinner when I came back from school. 2. - I called you this morning, but nobody answered it.- Oh, we (do) some running in the park. 3. - I saw Mr. Smith in the office at ten oclock yesterday morning.- Thats true. He (have) an important meeting with us then. 4. - Where were you this m

26、orning?- I (shop) in the supermarket. 5. The reporter said that the UFO (travel) from east to west when he saw it.二、单项选择 6. I didnt hear you because I the news on the radio. A. listen toB. am listening to C. listened toD. was listening to 7. I met a good friend of mine while I on the street. A. walk

27、sB. walkC. was walkingD. am walking 8. - Were you at school when he came to see you?- Yes, I a math class. A. am havingB. was havingC. hadD. have 9. - Where were you at 7:00 last night?- I to my mom at home. A. writeB. wroteC. am writingD. was writing10. - Could you tell me what he said just now?- S

28、orry, I what was happening outside. A. am thinkingB. was thinkingC. thoughtD. think三、完形填空 Last Friday a storm visited villages in Honolulu. It destroyed fourteen houses. Seven others were so badly 11 that their owners had to leave them, and fifteen others had 12 windows, doors or roofs. One person w

29、as 13 , several were badly wounded and taken to 14 , and a number of other people got 15 . Altogether over two hundred people were 16 as a result of the storm. A farmer, Mr. Sabin, said that the 17 began early in the morning and lasted for over an hour. I was in the kitchen with my wife and children, he said, when we heard a loud 18 . A few minutes later our house fell down on top of us. We 19 to climb out but very frightened. Mrs. Roland said that her husband had jus