全国职称英语等级考试试题卫生类.docx

1、全国职称英语等级考试试题卫生类全国职称英语等级考试试题（卫生类） 第一部分阅读理解(75分) Passage1 Untilthetwentiethcenturycigaretteswerenotanimportantthreat(威胁)topublichealth.Menusedtobaccomainlyintheformofcigars(雪茄烟),chewingtobacco,pipetobacco(烟草),andsnuff(鼻烟).Mostwomendidnotusetobaccoatall. Thecigaretteindustrybeganinthe1870swiththedevelo

2、pmentofthecigarettemanufacturingmachines.Thismadeitpossibletoproducegreatnumbersofcigarettesveryquickly,anditreducedtheprice. Todaycigarettessmokingisawidespreadhabit.Aboutforty-threepercentoftheadultmenandthirty-onepercentoftheadultwomenintheUnitedStatessmokecigarettesregularly.Itisencouragingtonot

3、e,however,thatmillionsofpeoplehavegivenupthesmokinghabit.Seventy-fivepercentofthemalepopulationandforty-sixpercentofthethesemenandelevenpercentofthewomenhavestoppedsmoking.Thenumberofpersonswhohavegivenupsmokingisincreasing. Menasagroupsmokemorethanwomen.Amongbothmenandwomentheagegroupwiththehighest

4、proportion(比例)ofsmokersistheagegroup24-44. Income,education,andoccupationallplayapartindeterminingapersonssmokinghabits.Citypeoplesmokemorethanpeoplelivingonfarms.Well-educatedmenwithhighincomesarelesslikelytosmokecigarettesthanmenwithfeweryearsofschoolingandlowerincomes.Ontheotherhandifawell-educat

5、edmanwithahighincomesmokesasall,heislikelytosmokemorepacksofcigarettesperday. Thesituationissomewhatdifferentforwomen.Thereareslightlymoresmokersamongwomenwithhigherfamilyincomesandhighereducationthanamongthelowerincomeandlowereducationalgroups.Thesemorehighlyeducatedwomentendtosmokemoreheavily. Amo

6、ngteenagers(少年)thepicturesissimilar.Therearefewerteenagersmokersfromupper-income,well-educatedfamiliesandfewerfromfamilieslivinginfarmareas.Highschoolstudentswhoarepreparingforcollegearelesslikelytosmokethanthosewhodonotplantocontinuetheireducationafterhighschool.Childrenaremostlikelytostartsmoking,

7、ifoneorbothoftheirparentssmoke. 1.Menusetobaccomainlyin_formsinthepast. A.one B.two C.three D.four 2.Thecigaretteindustrybegan_. A.onehundredyearsago B.attheturnofthecentury C.intheeighteenseventies D.intheeighteencentury 3.IntheUnitedStates_smokecigarettes. A.aboutforty-threepercentofpeople B.about

8、thirty-onepercentofpeople C.onlyoldpeople D.aboutforty-threepercentofthegrown-upmenandthirty-onepercentofthegrown-upwomen 4.Amanssmokinghabitispartlydeterminedby_. A.hisincome B.hiseducation C.hisoccupation D.alloftheabove 5.Children_tostartsmoking,iftheirparentssmoke. A.aremostlikely B.arelesslikel

9、y C.hate D.donotwant Passage2 Manyofusbelievethatapersonsmindbecomeslessactiveashegrowsolder.Butthisisnottrue,accordingtoDr.Jarvik,professorofpsychiatry(精神病学)attheUniversityofCalifornia.Shehasstudiedthementalfunctioningofagingpersonsforseveralyears.Forexample,oneofherstudiesconcerns136pairsofidentic

10、altwins(孪生儿),whowerefirstexaminedwhentheywerealready60yearsold.AsDr.Jarvikcontinuedthestudyofthetwinsintotheir70sand80s,theirmindsdidnotgenerallydeclineaswasexpected. However,therewassomedeclineintheirpsycho-motorspeed.Thismeansthatittookthemlongertoaccomplishmentaltasksthanitusedto.Butwhenspeedwasn

11、otafactor,theylostverylittleintellectualabilityovertheyears.Ingeneral,Dr.Jarviksstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlywiththoseintheir30sand40s,butwiththoseintheir60sand70saswell. Itistrueolderpeoplethemselvesoftencomplainthattheirmemoryisnotasgoodasitonc

12、ewas.However,muchofwhatwecalllossofmemoryisnotthatatall.Therewasusuallyincompletelearninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhapshadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastryingtolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.Inthecaseswheretheolderpersonsmindreallyseemstobecomelessactive,itisnotnec

13、essarilyasignofbecominglessactiveduetooldage.Oftenitissimplyasignofadepressedemotional(压抑的感情)state. 6.AccordingtoDr.Jarviksstudies,middle-agedandolderpersonswouldexpectto_. A.rememberless B.reasonbetter C.learnfewernewthings D.losenointellectualability 7.Mentaldecayduetoagingis_. A.common B.muchmore

14、commonthanmostpeoplebelieve C.muchlesscommonthanmostpeoplebelieve D.trueofthoseoversixty 8.Along-termstudyof136pairsoftwinsshowedthat_. A.theylostalittleabilitytoreasonovertheyears B.theyonlyfactorwhichdeclineovertheyearswastheirspeedwithwhichtoperformmentaltasks C.theirmemorywasnotasgoodasithadonce

15、been D.theirmindsbecameabitmoreactiveastheygrewolder 9.Accordingtothepassage,allthefollowingareinstancesofincompletelearningexcept_. A.poorhearing B.badeyesight C.lackofattention D.theattempttolearntoomanynewthings 10.Whatwecallmentaldecayisusuallyasignof_. A.alow-spiritedstate B.aworseningstateofhe

16、alth C.oldage D.nervoustension Passage3 Forhundredsofyears,diseasescausedbylackinnutrition(营养)wereknowntomen.Somecommonnutritionaldiseasesareberiberi(脚气),andscurvy(坏血病).Inthe18thcentury,JamesLind,aScottishdoctor,discoveredacureberiberi-wholerice. ABritishscientistin1906showedthatcertainfoodscontains

17、ubstancesimportanttothegrowthanddevelopmentofthebody.Intimethesesubstanceswerecalledvitamins,meaningessentialtolife.Todaythereare13knownvitamins.Thehumanbodyproducesonlythreeofthem. Vitaminsregulate(调节)thewaythebodychangesfoodintoenergyandlivingtissues(组织).Eachvitaminshasadefiniteuseandthelackofonev

18、itamincaninterferewiththefunctionofanother.Thecontinuedlackofonevitamincancauseavitaminlackdisease. Thebestwayforahealthypersontogetvitaminsistoeatabalanceddiet.Eggs,milk,meat,vegetables,fruits,andwhole-grainarethemostcommonsourcesofthenecessaryvarietyoffoods. Vitaminshelptospeedupcertainchemicalrea

19、ctionsinthebody.Thesereactionsareessentialforhealth.Withoutvitamins,thesereactionswouldoccurveryslowlyornotatall. Trulyvitaminshavebeencorrectlynamed-essentialtogoodhealthandlife. 11.Menhaveknowaboutnutritionaldiseases_. A.alongtime B.in18thcentury C.recently D.in1906 12.Beriberiisatypeof_. A.food B

20、.vitamin C.fruit D.disease 13.Ittakesscientists_toknowhowmanyvitaminsthereare. A.alongtime B.afewyears C.ashorttime D.anumberofexperiments 14.Humanbodyproduces_kindsofvitamins. A.allkindsof B.five C.thirteen D.three 15.Eating_isthebestwaytogetvitamins. A.fewthings B.vegetables C.fruits D.manykindsof

21、food 第二部分完成句子(25分) 根据短文内容完成句子，每个空格只能填一个单词。有的单词第一个字母已经给出，请将其余字母补全。 Somepsychologists(心理学家)maintainthatmentalactssuchasthinkingarenotperformedinthebrainalone,butthatonesmusclesalsoparticipate(参加).Itmaybesaidthatwethinkwithourmusclesinsomewhatthesamewaythatwelistentomusicwithoutbodies. Yousurelyarenots

22、urprisedtobetoldthattomusicnotonlywithyourearsbutwithyourwholebody.Fewpeoplecanlistentomusicthatismoreorlessfamiliarwithoutmovingtheirbodyormorespecifically(具体地),somepartoftheirbody.Oftenwhenonelistenstoaconcertontheradio,heistemptedtodirecttheorchestra(管弦乐队)eventhoughknowswheretodirecttheorchestrae

23、venthoughheknowsthereisanableconductoronthejob. Strangeasthisbehaviormaybe,thereisaverygoodreasonforit.Onecannotderiveallpossibleenjoymentformmusicunlessheparticipates,sotospeak,initsperformance.Thelistenerfeelshimselfintothemusicwithmoreorlesspronouncedmotionsofhisbody. Themusclesofthebodyactuallyp

24、articipate(参加)inthementalprocessofthinkinginthesameway,butthisparticipationislessobviousbecauseitislesspronounced. 16.Somepsychologistsbelievethatthinkingisperformednotonlybyonesbrainbutalsoones_. 17.Theprocessofthinkingandthatoflisteningaresimilarinthatmuscles_inbothprocesses. 18._peopleareabletoli

25、stentofamiliarmusicwithoutmovingsomepartoftheirbody. 19.Bodymovementarenecessaryinorderforthelistenerto_themusicfully. 20.Accordingtothepassage,muscleparticipationintheprocessofthinkingisnotreadilya_. 第三部分阅读理解(80分) Passage1 Mostofusleadunhealthylives:wespendfartoomuchtimesittingdown.If,inaddition,we

26、arecarelessaboutourdiets,ourbodiessoonbecomeflabby(不结实的)andsystemssluggish(缺乏活力的).Thentheguiltfeelingsstart:Imustgoonadiet,Imusttrytoloseweight,Imustgetmorefreshairandexerciser,Imuststopsmoking,Imusttrytokeepfit.Therearesomeaspectsofourunhealthylivesthatwecannotavoid.Iamthinkingofsuchfeaturesofmodernurbanlifeaspollution,noise,rushedmealsandstress.Butkeepingfitisawaytominimise(减少到最低限度)theeffectsoftheseevils. Theusualsuggestiontoapersonwhoislookingfo