高阶美国口语语音教程.docx

1、高阶美国口语语音教程 Chapter 1 Word ConnectionsWords are connected in four main situations:1 Consonant / Vowel2 Consonant / Consonant3 Vowel / Vowel4 T,D,S or Z+YI. Liaison Rule 1:Consonant / VowelWords are connected when a word ends in a consonant sound and the next word starts with a vowel sound,including t

2、he semivowels W,Y,and R.Exercise 1: Word ConnectionsMy nameis my naymizBecauseIve bkzivPutiton pudidanHow did you like it? h oj lye kitSentences for YouImanEnglish boy. Itisanold book.Let me havea lookatit. Notatall. Please pickitup.Exercise 2:Spelling and Number ConnectionsWe also use liaisons in s

3、pelling and numbers：LA（Los Angeles） ehlay902-5050 nainotoo faivofaivoII. Liaison Rule 2:Consonant / ConsonantWords are connected when a word ends in a consonant sound and the next word starts with a consonant that is in a similar position.(If a word ends with a sound created in the throat and the ne

4、xt word starts with a sound from that same general location,these words are going to be linked together.)Exercise 3:Consonant / Consonant LiaisonsI justdidntgetthe chance. Ijus didntge(t)thechanceIve been latetwice. Ivbinla(t)twiceRacetrack raystr kIn the preceding examples you can see that because

5、the ending st of just and the beginning d of didnt are so neat each other in the mouth,its not worth the effort to start the sound all over again, so the just flow into each other.Liaison Rule 3:Vowel / VowelWhen a word ending in a vowel sound is next to one beginning with a vowel sound,they are con

6、nected with a glide between the two vowels.A glide is either a slighty sound or a slight w sound.Exercise 4:Vowel / Vowel Liaison PracticeGoaway. Go(w)away.Ialso need theother one. I(y)also need thee(y)other one.Sheisnt. she(y)isntWhois ? who(w)izWhats called glide?Thewsound and ysound are called gl

7、ides. There are going to links to vowel sound when they meet together. A w or y quite naturally leads into the next vowel sound.Go(w)away/she(y)isnt.You dont want to say Goaway and break the undercurrent of your voice. Run it all together.Liaison Rule 4:T, D, S or Z +YWhen the letter or sound of T,

8、D, S, or Z is followed by a word that starts with Y, or its sound , both sounds are connected. These letters and sounds connect not only with Y, but the do so as well with the initial unwritten y.Exercise 5-1：T+Y=CH Whats your name? wcher nameCant you do it? knt chew do(w)itHavent you? No,not yet. h

9、ven chew?nou,n chetExercise 5-2: D+Y=JDid you see it? didj see(y)itCould you tell me? kj tell miDid you find your keys? didj fine jer keezExercise 5-3：S+Y=SHYes, you are. yeshu areBless you! blesshueLet him gas your car for you. leddim gshier cr fr youExercise 5-4: Z+Y=ZHHows your family? hozhier fm

10、lee Whos your friend? hoozhier frendWheres your mom? wrzhr mmWords are connected in these additional situations:1 /r/+vowels2 Voiced Consonants + /h/.Additional Rule 1:/r/+VowelsWhen a word ends with letter R or RE then it will not be pronounced in British English. But when its followed by a word st

11、arts with a vowel sound and they are in the same words group, we usually link them up.Exercise 6:/r/+VowelsThere is a boy. e riz biFor example fr igzmplNotes:1).If there is a /r/ sound that is before letter R or Re in one word , then we dont link it with any following vowel sound. By the way, the le

12、tter R or RE must be silent.Example:Its a rare animal. its r e n i m l2).When there is a possible pause between two words, letter R or RE will be not be pronounced and we dont link them up even though we dont practically pause there while speaking.Example:He opened the door and walked in.The Additio

13、nal /r/ SoundWe also link two vowel sounds(EXCEPT 、) with an extra /r/ when the two vowel sounds are in one words group to avoid pronouncing separately. ExampleThe idea of it. iaidi rvit.Additional Rule 2: Voiced Consonants + /h/The /h/ is regarded as a soft consonant（not too hard ，like /t/）. When a

14、 word is ended with a consonant sound and followed by a /h/ sound, they could form the liaison.Exercise 7: Voiced Consonants + /h/Tell him tel limCall him cl limIsnt he？ izn ti Chapter2 Intonation and Stress(rhythm)Three Ways to Make Intonation Just get louder or raise the volume. Streeeeech the wor

15、d out or lengthen the word that you want to draw attention to. Change pitch.Staircase IntonationStaircase Intonation is widely used in American English. We go up and down staircases. We start high and end low. We up stair go and cases downEvery time we want to stress a word or an idea, we just start

16、 a new staircase. That sounds simple enough, but when and where do you start a new staircase?Statement Intonation with NounsIntonation or pitch change is primarily used to introduce new information. This means that when you are making a statement for the first time, you will stress the nouns. Dogs B

17、ones. eatExercise :Noun Intonation1. Dogs eat bones. 2.Mike likes bikes.3.Jerry makes music. 4.The boys need some help.Statement Intonation with PronounsWhen we replace the nouns with pronouns(i.e.,old information), stress the verb.eatThey them.As we have seen, nouns are new information; pronouns ar

18、e old information. In a nutshell, this are the two basic intonation patterns:Dogs bones eat They them Exercise :Noun and Pronoun IntonationIn the firs column, stress the nouns. In the second column, stress the verb. 1.Bob sees Betty. 1.He sees her.2.Jean sells bombs. 2.She sells them.3.The murderer

19、killed Sister Fone. 3.He killed a woman.Four Main Reasons for Intonation1. New Information2. Opinion3. Contrast4. CantDepending on the situation, a word may be stressed for any of the following reasons.New Information Opinion Contrast “Cant”1.New Information It sounds like rain.Rain is the new infor

20、mation. Its the most important word in that sentence and we could replace everything else with duh-duh-duh. Duh-duh-duh rain will still let you get your point across. Duh ray duh ayn duh2. OpinionIt sounds like rain, but I dont think it is.In this case, intonation makes the meaning the opposite of w

21、hat the words say:It looks like a diamond, but I think its a crystal. It feels likeIt tastes like These examples all give the impression that you mean the opposite of what your senses tell you. Practice the intonation difference between new information and opinion:It sounds like rain,(Its rain)It so

22、unds like rain.(but its not.)3. ContrastHe likes rain, but he hates snow.Like and hate are contrasted and are the stronger words in the sentence.4. CantIt cant rain when therere no clouds.Contractions(shouldnt, wouldnt) and negatives (no, not, never) are important words since they totally negate the

23、 meaning of a sentence, but they are not usually stressed. Cant is the exception.Exercise ：Pitch and Meaning ChangePay close attention to the changes in pitch that you must make to convey the different meanings intended. The words to be stressed are indicated in bold face.1.It sounds like rain.2.It

24、sounds like rain.3.He likes rain, but he hates snow.4.It seems that Sister Fone got married.Intonation ContrastBelow are two sentencesthe first is stressed on the most common, everyday word, book. Nine times out of ten, people will stress the sentence tin this way. The second sentence has a less com

25、mon, but perfectly acceptable intonation, since we are making a distinction between two possible locations.Normal intonation Wheres the book? Its on the table. Changed intonation Is the book on the table or under it?Its on the table. Exercise :Variable StressNotice how the meaning of the following s

26、entence changes each time we change the stress pattern. You should be starting to feel in control of your sentences now.1.What would you like? This is the most common version of the sentence, and it is just a simple request for information.2. What would you like? This is to single out an individual

27、from a group.3.What would you like? Youve been discussing the kinds of things he might like and you want to determine his specific desires:“Now that you mention it , what would you like?” Or He has rejected several things and a little exasperated, you ask ,“If you dont want any of these, what would

28、you like?”4.What would you like? You didnt hear and you would like the speaker to repeat herself. OrYou cant believe what you heard:“Id like strawberry jam on my asparagus.”“What would you like?” Chapter 3 Reduced SoundReduced Sound Are “Valleys” American intonation is made up of peaks and valleysto

29、ps of staircases and bottoms of staircases. To have strong peaks , you will have to develop deep valleys. These deep valleys should be filled with all kinds of reduced vowels, one in particularthe completely neutral schwa.Syllables that are perched atop a peak or a staircase are strong sounds; that

30、is, they maintain their original pronunciation, On the other hand, syllables that fall in the valleys or on a lower stair step are weak sounds; thus they are reduced. Some vowel are reduced completely to schwas, a very relaxed sound, while others are only toned down. Intonation is the peak and reduc

31、ed sounds are the valleys. In the following exercise, work with this idea. Small words such as articles. prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, relative pronouns, and auxiliary verbs are lightly skimmed over and almost not pronounced.Exercise : Reduced Sounds Looks Like Sounds LikeTo today tdayUse t or t to work twrkSound to replace to.Some occ