八翻译技巧3增译法和重复法.docx

1、八翻译技巧3增译法和重复法 Amplification and RepetitionI. Teaching contents1Review and comments on the assignments2. Amplification3. Repetition4. Summary5. Assignment6. References for further readingII. Aims of teachingTo make students know about the techniques of translation and especially to grasp amplificatio

2、n and repetitionIII. Teaching FocusStudents ability in dealing with the techniques especially in amplification and repetitionIV. Teaching proceduresStep One: Review and comments on the assignments A. Review : conversion of parts of speech1. Converting to verbs 2. Converting to nouns 3. Converting to

3、 other parts of speechB. Comments on the assignment1.参考译文All people are blessed by nature, rich and poor alike. That accounts for their deeply rooted attachment to her, especially in the country where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years. They grow crops and grapes, brew t

4、he wine that they drink, raise cows for milk, and weed their gardens for the cultivation of flowers. On weekends they go to church, and on holidays they enjoy playing music while singing and dancing in open squares. Thus their olden homelands remain as sweet as ever, each with a unique folk, from wh

5、ich its customs have derived.2.学生错误分析 从学生的作业批改中反映出以下词汇和语篇方面的问题：1) 词义理解上的偏差， 例如：a)（大自然的）恩赐：presents （presents 一般指馈赠的礼物， 而不是 大自然或上帝的恩赐，应译为“All people are blessed by nature, rich or poor alike.） b）人， 人们：human beings, men (此处只能用people，因为从“无论贫富”我们可以看出作者关心的是人们的社会属性， 而不是他们区别于动物或植物的自然属性或性别。”c） 种植（庄稼和葡萄）：pla

6、nt crops and grapes （此处的“种植”一词包括了“种”和“养”两个方面， 所以应该用 “grow”一词。）d） 栽（花）：plant flowers （同上）e） 除草：get rid of grass （get rid of grass的意思是把草全部消灭掉， 根据语境应译为： mow ones lawn / weed ones garden）f) 温馨家园：warm houses/residences/family（用warm houses/residences只译出了“（温馨）家园”的概念意义， 因为house和residence只指建筑物或地方，没有温馨的感情色彩，

7、也没有“家园”一词给人的许多美好的联想。family则指人际关系， 而不是“家园”， 所以“温馨家园”应译为sweet homes为好。原因分析：学生犯这类错误的原因是缺乏语义方面的知识，翻译中往往只注意词的概念意义，忽视了或不了解词的内涵意义、感情意义和搭配意义，有时概念意义也不十分了解。2) 词的搭配方面的错误， 例如：a) 一致并深深地依赖着：depend deeply and unanimously/identically （depend通常可以用heavily, completely 和 absolutely 等词修饰， 但不能用deeply， unanimously和identic

8、ally等词修饰。而unanimously一词通常只能修饰agree或vote.）b) 种植庄稼和葡萄：raise crops and grapes (raise只能和表示动物的名词搭配， 用语植物通常只能用grow或plant。)3) 词序方面的错误学生对英汉语词序差异重视不够或没有注意， 实际上英汉词序有很大差别。 例如：a) poor or rich, whether we are poor or not：英汉两中语言在词序上有着很大的差异。汉语的词序比较灵活， 英语的词序比较固定。有时， 汉语的成语有一定的词序， 不可随意颠倒， 如“嫌贫爱富”、“杀富济贫”等， 但“贫富”不能说成“富

9、贫”。而英语中只能说rich and poor。同样“中老年”只能译成“ old and middle-aged”b) dance and sing 汉语中可以说唱歌跳舞， 但英语只能说sing and dance 或 singing and dancing。4) 语篇层次方面的错误 在语篇层次上主要有以下几方面的问题：a) 逐字翻译， 画蛇添足。例如：例1 在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜， 在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌； 误译：On weekends they go to church to pray and do religious services, in holidays, they go

10、to the square to play musical instruments, dance and sing; 改译：On weekends they go to church, and on holidays they enjoy playing music while singing and dancing in open squares. 例2 往日的田园依旧是今日温馨家园。 误译：Those fields in the past/of yesterday are still cozy homelands at present/nowadays/of today. 改译：Thus

11、their olden homelands remain as sweet as ever（“现在” 用现在时态体现即可。曾经、往日等用过去时态表示。） 例3 上学读书：go to school to study (go to school) b) 重复不当， 不符合英语表达习惯。 例 所以人们对于大自然大全都一致并深深地依赖着。 尤其是在乡间， 上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。 原译：So people all deeply depend on nature. Especially in the countryside, people keep the unchangeable way

12、of lives for thousands of years. 改译：That accounts for their deep-rooted attachment to her, especially in the country where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years. 分析: 此处学生把people重复了两遍， 很不自然。因为汉语里的名词可以不厌其烦地重复，而英语中，一个刚刚提到的名词在相邻的句子中通常是不能重复的。 c) 断句不当，割裂语篇。 例 大自然对人的恩赐, 无论贫富, 一律平等

13、。 原译1：Nature always distributes its resources to human beings. And every man gets equally from it. 原译2：The gifts bestowed by nature are equally distributed among mankind. No matter one is rich or poor, he receives the same from the nature. 改译：All people are blessed by nature, rich or poor alike. 改进措

14、施: 增大练习力度, 尤其是汉译英的练习力度, 使学生能够更好地驾驭两种语言,做好翻译工作。Step Two Amplification in translation 翻译时为了尽可能使译文的意义、语气、语态等切合原文，常常要在译文中加一些原文没有对应词的词，即加一些原文中无其形而有其义的词才能使译文更加准确、易懂。这时我们可以采用增词翻译的手段。英译汉中增词翻译主要体现在以下几个方面。A. 根据词义或修辞需要增词翻译中有时如果只按照字面进行翻译， 汉语将不通顺、不达意，或表达不符合汉语习惯，这时我们要采用增词译法。例如：My grandparents believed you were ei

15、ther honest or you werent. There was no in between.我的祖父母认为，你要么诚实， 要么不诚实， 没有中间道路可选。For months I have kept on my desk a picture from a tabloid.几个月来， 我桌上一直放着一幅从小报上剪下的照片。If you want General Gehlen sent to a lunatic asylum then you had better have me certified as well.如果你要把盖伦将军关进疯人院， 最好让医生证明我也是疯子吧。（证明的主语

16、不是you,句子的意思是指“医生”，这样不但符合原意，而且还减少了歧义。）This was the greatest Russian offensive of the war. Stalin was throwing in 180 divisions, a surprising large part of them armored, in Poland and East Prussia alone. There was no stopping them.这是大战以来俄国发动的最大攻势。仅波兰和东普鲁士两地，斯大林就投入了一百八十个师的兵力， 其中装甲部队所占比例大得惊人。他们锐不可当， 势如破

17、竹。A professor of mine once said:教过我的一位教授曾说过：Science demands of men great effort and complete devotion.人们要掌握科学知识， 必须作出巨大的努力并表现出无限的热忱。He said hed come to the discussion.他说他要来参加讨论。The sports meet is scheduled for April 16.运动会定于四月十六日举行。9The atmosphere moderates daytime temperature and retards nigh heat

18、loss.大气层能缓和白天气温的上升和阻止夜间热量的损耗。10 Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，靠给人洗衣服维持生活。11 The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related.声音的频率、波长和速度三者是密切相关的。12. Compared with mine, your computer is really cheap and fine.与我的电脑相比，你的电脑真是物美价廉。B.根据语

19、法需要增词英语和汉语在语法方面差异很大， 比如英语有数的变化、有时态、语态、语气变化、有情态的变化（我们常称为三态一气），而汉语这样的变化很少， 如时态，只用着、了、过就解决了。在翻译中我们要注意这些差别， 把英语中的数和三态一气等体现出来。例如：1They are leading a happy life.他们现在过着幸福的生活。2He was the late presidents alter ego and he is a close and influential friend of the president to be in office.他过去是已故总统的化身， 而现在是即将就职

20、的总统亲密而有影响的朋友。3It seems that s successful scientist is full of curiosity.成功的科学家似乎总是充满好奇心。 4I didnt know that computers had been used so widely. 我还不知道计算机却原来被这么广泛地应用。5Since the industrial revolution began the physical science has in general been in the forefront of the scientific movement.自从工业革命开始以来， 物

21、理学总的说来一直处于科学运动的前列。（时态）6Then the whole course of my life might have been different.如果真是那样的话，我的生命路程也许是另一番景象。（虚拟语气） 7Had we known it in time, we would have prevented the accident. 要是我们及时知道那件事， 事故本来是可以防止的。（虚拟语气）8. After watching for years, he discovered important phenomena. 观察了数年之后他发现了许多重要现象。（数）Step Thr

22、ee: Repetition in translation重复也属于增词。翻译和写作一样。 本应力求简练，尽量省略一些可有可无的词；有时为了明确、强调或生动， 却往往需要将一些关键性的词加以重复。例如：A. 为了明确重复1. Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.让我们来修订安全规则和卫生规则吧。2. They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。3. He became an oil baron-all by himself.他成为

23、一个石油大王， - 一个白手起家的石油大王。4. This has been our position-but not theirs.这一直是我们的立场，而不是他们的立场。5The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients.医生从我身上得到的实践， 会比从一千七百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。B.为了强调重复为了强调，英语句子中往往重复关键性的词，以使读者留下深刻印象，英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复手段。英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语时可以保持同样的词的重复。

24、1. He wandered about in the chill rain, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding.他在凄雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算了盘算。2. Gentlemen many cry peace, peace-but there is no peace.先生们尽管可以高喊和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。3. Blood must atone for blood. 血债要用血来还。4. They would read and re-read the secret notes.他们往往一遍又一遍反复琢磨这些密件。C.为了生动重复

25、英语原文中即使没有词的重复，翻译时为了使译文生动，有时也可以采用各种重复手段。1运用两个四字词组成或四字对偶词组。汉语中有大量四字词组，这是汉语的一在特点。四字词组比较精炼，念起来顺口，有节奏感，如运用恰当，可使文字生动活泼，增强修辞效果。（1） But there had been too much publicity about my case.但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。（2） If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful period for the few.多数人兴高采烈之日，却是少数人伤心失意

26、之时。（3） great contributions 丰功伟绩 gratitude 感恩戴德ingratitude 忘恩负义 prosperity 繁荣昌盛arrogance 骄傲自大 careless 粗心大意in chaos 乌烟瘴气 street gossip 街谈巷议rumor 流言蜚语2运用词的重叠词的重叠是汉语中常用的一种手段。英译汉时，可适当采用词的重叠，特别是四字重叠词组，使译文生动活泼，通顺达意。（1） I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，（直言无隐），不藏不掖

27、。（2） His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父母似的。（3） With his tardiness, careless and appalling good temper, we had nothing to do with him.他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好得惊人，我们都对他毫无办法。Step Four: Exercises in ClassPut the following into Chinese, paying spe

28、cial attention to the amplification in translation.1. We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们必须分析问题，解决问题。2. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇之过度则蛮，爱之过度则为宠，俭之过度则为贪。（原文 省略了定语和谓语 译成汉语时应补上）3. The letter “I” represents I, “O” owe, and “U” you. 字母I代表“我”，O代表“欠

29、”，U代表“你”。（将省略的动词译出来）4. All bodies consists of molecules and these of atoms. 所有物体都由分了组成，而分子则由原子组成。（原文中第二个of前省略了 ，并用these代替，汉译时补上了动词，还原了代词。）5. We have fulfilled our work ahead of schedule, so have they. 我们提前完成了我们的工作，他们也提前完成了他们的工作。（省略句型中省略的部分汉译时要译出来）6. He had met with great difficulties in writing his

30、term paper. 他在写学期论文时，遇到了重重困难。 （英语中并无重复，但在译成汉语时，合理使用重复这一修辞手段，却能更准确、更生动地表达原意。）7. Rain or shine, Ill go there. 雨也罢，晴也罢，我都要去那。（使译文生动流畅）。8. If you go to Beijing, dont forget to see my younger brother. 你要是去北京的话，别忘了去看一看我弟弟。9. May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Com

31、munist Party, through you, for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution, which is now inspiring the world. 让我通过您最忠心地祝贺伟大的中国人民及其共产党，祝贺你们的巨大革命的辉煌胜利，这个胜利正在鼓舞着全世界。10. Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity. 水可以有能量来分解， 所谓能量也就是电流。11. Is he a friend or an enemy? 他是朋友还是敌人？12. We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other-of everything but our host and hostess. 我们谈到自己， 谈到前途， 谈到旅程， 谈到天气， 谈到彼此的情况， -谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女主人。13. Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears. 杰西睁开眼睛， 眼里充满的泪水。14. Happy famili